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|Section2= |Section3= }} Glufosinate (also known as phosphinothricin and often sold as an ammonium salt) is a broad-spectrum systemic herbicide with the chemical formula C5H15N2O4P. It irreversibly inhibits glutamine synthetase, an enzyme necessary for the production of glutamine and for ammonia detoxification. Application of glufosinate to plants leads to reduced glutamine and elevated ammonia levels in tissues, halting photosynthesis, resulting in plant death. ==Discovery== In the 1960s and early 1970s, scientists at University of Tübingen and at the Meiji Seika Kaisha Company independently discovered that species of ''Streptomyces'' produce a tripeptide they called bialaphos that inhibits bacteria; it consists of two alanine residues and a unique amino acid that is an analog of glutamate that they named "phosphinothricin."〔 They determined that phosphinothricin irreversibly inhibits glutamine synthetase.〔 Phosphinothricin was first synthesized by scientists at Hoechst in the 1970s as a racemic mixture; this racemic mixture is called glufosinate and is the commercially relevant version of the chemical.〔Donn, G and Köcher, H. Inhibitors of Glutamine Synthetase. Chapter 4 in Herbicide Classes in Development: Mode of Action, Targets, Genetic Engineering, Chemistry. Eds Peter Böger, Ko Wakabayashi, Kenji Hirai. Springer Science & Business Media, 2012 ISBN 9783642594168〕 In the late 1980s scientists discovered enzymes in these ''Streptomyces'' species that selectively inactivate free phosphinothricin; the gene encoding the enzyme that was isolated from ''Streptomyces hygroscopicus'' was called the "bialaphos resistance" or "bar" gene, and the gene encoding the enzyme in ''Streptomyces viridochromeogenes'' was called "phosphinothricin acetyltransferase" or "pat".〔 The two genes and their proteins have 80% homology on the DNA level and 86% amino acid homology, and are each 158 amino acids long.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「glufosinate」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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