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(詳細はshinbutsu-shūgō (religious syncretism of ''kami'' and buddhas) in Japan, a was believed to be the manifestation of a buddha in the form of an indigenous kami, an entity who had come to guide the people to salvation.〔Encyclopedia of Shinto, (''Gongen'' ) accessed on October 5, 2008〕〔Tamura (2000:87)〕 The words and are synonyms of ''gongen''.〔 is the belief in the existence of ''gongen''.〔 The ''gongen'' concept is the cornerstone of honji suijaku theory, according to which Buddhist deities choose to appear to the Japanese as native ''kami'' in order to save them, which is based on the notion of upaya or "skillful means" teaching. == History == It is sometimes assumed that the word ''gongen'' derives from Tokugawa Ieyasu's posthumous name (Tōshō Daigongen). However, the term was created and started being used in the middle of the Heian period in an effort to harmonize Buddhism and indigenous religious practice in what is called shinbutsu-shūgō or "syncretism of kami and buddhas".〔Tamura (2000:87)〕 At that time, the assumption that Japanese ''kami'' and buddhas were essentially the same evolved into a theory called , which held that native kami were manifestations or avatars of buddhas, bodhisattvas and other Buddhist deities.〔 The theory gradually spread around the country and the concept of gongen, a dual entity composed of a buddha and a kami, evolved. Under the influence of Tendai Buddhism and Shugendō, the gongen concept was adapted to religious beliefs tied to Mount Iwaki, a volcano, so that female kami Kuniyasutamahime became associated with Avalokiteśvara ''ekadaśamukha'' (Jūichimen Kannon Bosatsu, "Eleven-Faced Guanyin"), Ōkuninushi with Bhaisajyaguru (Yakushi Nyōrai) and Kunitokotachi with Amitābha (Amida Nyōrai).〔Breen, Teeuwen (2000:194)〕 The title "gongen" started being attached to the names of kami and shrines were built within the premises of large Buddhist temples to enshrine their tutelary kami.〔Tamura (2000:87)〕 During the Japanese Middle Ages, shrines started being called with the name gongen to underline their ties to Buddhism.〔Encyclopedia of Shinto, (Gongen shinkō ), accessed on October 5, 2008〕 For example, in Eastern Japan there are still many Mount Haku shrines where the shrine itself is called either gongen or jinja.〔 Because it represents the application of Buddhist terminology to native kami, the use of the term was legally abolished in the Meiji Restoration with the and shrines began to be called ''jinja''.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「gongen」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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