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governance
Governance refers to "all processes of governing, whether undertaken by a government, market or network, whether over a family, tribe, formal or informal organization or territory and whether through laws, norms, power or language." It relates to "the processes of interaction and decision-making among the actors involved in a collective problem that lead to the creation, reinforcement, or reproduction of social norms and institutions."
To distinguish the term ''governance'' from govern''ment'': a government is a formal body invested with the authority to make decisions in a given political system. In this case the governance process, which includes all the actors involved in influencing the decision-making process (such as lobbies, parties, medias), is centered on the relevant "governing body". Whether the organization is a geopolitical entity (nation-state), a corporation (a business or organization incorporated as a legal entity), a socio-political entity (chiefdom, tribe, family, etc.), or an informal one, its governance is the way the rules, norms and actions are produced, sustained, regulated and held accountable. The degree of formality depends on the internal rules of a given organization.
==Origin of the word==
Like ''government'', the word ''governance'' derives, ultimately, from the Greek verb κυβερνάω () (meaning ''to steer'', the metaphorical sense first being attested in Plato). In above-described sense, however, the term ''governance'' was re-minted as recently as the 1990s by economists and political scientists, and disseminated by institutions such as the UN, IMF and World Bank.〔see document on etymology prepared by the European Commission at http://ec.europa.eu/governance/docs/doc5_fr.pdf〕 Its use in English can be traced to Charles Plummer’s 'The Governance of England' (published in 1885 as a translation from the original 13th century Latin of John Fortescue’s 'The Difference between an Absolute and a Limited Monarchy'). This usage of governance to refer to the arrangements of governing became orthodox including in Sidney Low’s seminal text of the same title in 1904 and among later British constitutional historians.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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