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Governmentality is a concept first developed by the French philosopher Michel Foucault in the later years of his life, roughly between 1977 and his death in 1984, particularly in his lectures at the Collège de France during this time. The concept has been elaborated further from an "Anglo-Neo Foucauldian" perspective in the social sciences, especially by authors such as Peter Miller, Nikolas Rose, and Mitchell Dean. Governmentality can be understood as: * the way governments try to produce the citizen best suited to fulfill those governments' policies * the organized practices (mentalities, rationalities, and techniques) through which subjects are governed〔Mayhew, Susan (ed) ''A Dictionary of Geography'' (Article: Governmentality) Oxford University Press, 2004〕 Governmentality may also be understood as: * the "art of government" * the "how" of governing (that is, the calculated means of directing how we behave and act)〔(and Sigley (2009) 'Governmentality, Governance and China' in China's Governmentalities, (ed.) Elaine Jeffreys, ISBN 978-0-415-54744-4 )〕 * "governmental rationality" * "a 'guideline' for the analysis that Michel Foucault offers by way of historical reconstructions embracing a period starting from Ancient Greece right through to modernity and neo-liberalism"〔Michel Foucault, The Government of Self and Others: Lectures at the Collège de France 1982-1983 (2010) http://rauli.cbs.dk/index.php/foucault-studies/article/view/3127/3298.pdf〕〔Michel Foucault The Courage of Truth : Lectures at the Collège de France 1983-1984 (2011)〕〔Michel Foucault The Birth of Biopolitics Lectures At The College de France 1978-1979 (2008)〕 * "the techniques and strategies by which a society is rendered governable"〔Foucault, Governmentality, and Critique(2002) http://www.andosciasociology.net/resources/Foucault$2C+Governmentality$2C+and+Critique+IV-2.pdf〕 * The ‘reasoned way of governing best and, at the same time, reflection on the best possible way of governing’ 〔Foucault, M., (2008), ''The birth of biopolitics. Lectures at the College de France, 1978‐79. Palgrave MacMillan〕 ==The semantics of governmentality== This term was thought by some commentators to be made by the "…linking of governing ("gouverner") and modes of thought ("mentalité")". In fact, it was not coined by uniting words "gouvernement" and "mentalité", but simply by making ''gouvernement'' into ''gouvernementalité'' just like ''musical'' into ''musicalité'' (government + -al- ''adjective'' + -ité ''abstract noun'' ) (see Michel Senellart's "Course Context" in Foucault's "Security, territory, population" lectures). To fully understand this concept, it is important to realize that in this case, Foucault does not only use the standard, strictly political definition of "governing" or government used today, but he also uses the broader definition of governing or government that was employed until the eighteenth century.〔Burchell, 90〕 That is to say, that in this case, for Foucault, "...'government' also signified problems of self-control, guidance for the family and for children, management of the household, directing the soul, etc."〔Lemke, 2〕 In other words, for our purposes, government is "…the conduct of conduct..."〔Foucault in Burchell, 48〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「governmentality」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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