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grammatology
The linguist Ignace Gelb coined the term "grammatology" in 1952 to refer to the scientific study of writing systems or scripts.〔Gelb, Ignace. 1952. ''A Study of Writing''. Chicago: University of Chicago Press〕 Grammatology can examine the typology of scripts, the analysis of the structural properties of scripts, and the relationship between written and spoken language.〔Daniels, Peter T. 1996. The study of writing systems. In Daniels, Peter T. and Bright, William, eds., ''The World's Writing Systems'', pp. 1-17. New York: Oxford University Press〕 In its broadest sense, some scholars also include the study of literacy in grammatology and, indeed, the impact of writing on philosophy, religion, science, administration and other aspects of the organization of society.〔Marc Wilhelm Küster: "Geordnetes Weltbild. Die Tradition des alphabetischen Sortierens von der Keilschrift bis zur EDV. Eine Kulturgeschichte". Niemeyer: Tübingen, 2006/2007,p. 19f〕
Trigger associates grammatology with cultural evolution.〔
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== Toronto School of communication theory ==
(詳細はEric Havelock (''The Muse Learns to Write''), Walter J. Ong (''Orality and Literacy''), Jack Goody (''Domestication of the Savage Mind''), not to mention Marshall McLuhan (''The Gutenberg Galaxy''). Grammatology brings to any topic a consideration of the contribution of technology and the material and social apparatus of language. A more theoretical treatment of the approach may be seen in the works of Friedrich Kittler (''Discourse Networks: 1800/1900'') and Avital Ronell (''The Telephone Book'').
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