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Grandiosity refers to an unrealistic sense of superiority—a sustained view of oneself as better than others that causes the narcissist to view others with disdain or as inferior—as well as to a sense of uniqueness: the belief that few others have anything in common with oneself and that one can only be understood by a few or very special people.〔name=Ronningstam>Ronningstam, Elsa F. title=Identifying and Understanding the Narcissistic Personality (2005)〕 and also occurs in Reactive Attachment Disorder.〔name=Malia C. King title=Reactive Attachment Disorder: A Review journal=Journal of Special Education/Volume 1-4 url=http://titan.lynchburg.edu/sites/default/files/documents/GraduateStudies/Lynchburg%20College%20Journal%20of%20Special%20Education/Volume%201-4%20PDF%20Articles/KingM%20-%20Reactive%20Attachment%20Disorder%20-%20A%20Review.pdf〕 Grandiosity is chiefly associated with narcissistic personality disorder, but also commonly features in manic or hypomanic episodes of bipolar disorder.〔Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders Fourth edition Text Revision (DSM-IV-TR) American Psychiatric Association (2000)〕 ==In narcissism== Pathological grandiosity has been associated with one of the two subtypes of Narcissistic Personality Disorder. (Gabbard, 1989) Characteristics of the narcissist-grandiose subtype (as opposed to the narcissist-vulnerable subtype) include: * Being labeled the “oblivious narcissists” * Observed lack of insight into the impact they have on others * More likely to regulate self-esteem through overt self-enhancement * Denial of weaknesses * Intimidating demands of entitlement * Consistent anger in unmet expectations * Devaluation of people that threaten self-esteem * Diminished awareness of the dissonance between their expectations and reality, along with the impact this has on relationships * Overt presentation of grandiose fantasies * Conflict within the environment is generally experienced as external to these individuals and not a measure of their own unrealistic expectations The differences between grandiose and vulnerable narcissist subtypes have been studied (Dickinson & Pincus, 2003) : This overall finding confirms past theory and research that suggests that these (subtype ) individuals lack knowledge of the impact they have upon others, and thus, have an unrealistic view of themselves in relation to others (Gabbard, 1989, 1998; Kernberg, 1975; Kohut, 1971, 1977). Indeed, this very lack of insight into their impact upon others is what incited Gabbard (1989) to enlist the label “oblivious narcissists” to describe their social presentation and distinguish them from their vulnerable counterparts. Grandiose narcissistic individuals expect another’s immediate and undivided attention, and are oblivious to the effect their direct demands of entitlement have on others. And, by virtue of their ability to maintain the grandiose self through self-enhancement, grandiose narcissistic individuals are less susceptible than their vulnerable peers to the chronic emotional consequences of threats to entitled expectations (e.g., distress, lowered self-esteem, interpersonal fearfulness). The grandiosity section of the Diagnostic Interview for Narcissism (DIN) (Second edition) is as follows:〔Gunderson J, Ronningstam E, Bodkin A The diagnostic interview for narcissistic patients Archives of General Psychiatry, 47, 676-680 (1990)〕 # The person exaggerates talents, capacity and achievements in an unrealistic way. # The person believes in his/her invulnerability or does not recognize his/her limitations. # The person has grandiose fantasies. # The person believes that he/she does not need other people. # The person overexamines and downgrades other people, projects, statements, or dreams in an unrealistic manner.
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