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greatness
Greatness is a concept of a state of superiority affecting a person or object. Greatness can also be referred to individuals who possess a natural ability to be better than all others. The concept carries the implication that the particular person or object, when compared to others of a similar type, has clear advantage over others. As a descriptive term it is most often applied to a person or their work, and may be qualified or unqualified. An example of an expression of the concept in a qualified sense would be ''"Stalin was one of the greatest wartime leaders"''. In the unqualified sense it might be stated ''"Stalin achieved greatness within his own lifetime"'', thus implying that "greatness" is a definite and identifiable quality. Application of the terms "great" and "greatness" is dependent on the perspective and subjective judgements of those who apply them. Whereas in some cases the perceived "greatness" of a person, place or object might be agreed upon by many, this is not necessarily the case, and the perception of "greatness" may be both fiercely contested and highly individual.
Historically, in Europe, rulers were sometimes given the attribute "the Great", as in Alexander the Great, Frederick the Great and Catherine the Great. Starting with the Roman consul and general Pompey, the Latin equivalent "Magnus" was also used, as in Pompeius Magnus, Albertus Magnus, and Carolus Magnus. The English language uses the Latin term ''magnum opus'', (literally "Great work") to describe certain works of art and literature.
Since the publication of Francis Galton’s ''Hereditary Genius'' in 1869, and especially with the accelerated development of intelligence tests in the early 1900s, there has been a vast amount of social scientific research published relative to the question of ‘greatness’. Much of this research does not actually use the term ‘great’ in describing itself, preferring terms such as ‘eminence’, ‘genius’, ‘exceptional achievement’, etc.〔Albert, R.S. (ed) 1983. ''Genius and Eminence: The Social Psychology of Creativity and Exceptional Achievement''. New York: Pergamon Press〕 Historically the major intellectual battles over this topic have focused around the questions of ‘nature and nurture’ or ‘person vs context’.〔Simonton, D.K. 2009. ''Genius 101''. New York: Springer, e.g. Chs 4 & 6〕 Today the importance of both dimensions is accepted by all, but disagreements over the relative importance of each are still reflected in variations in research emphases.〔Eysenck, H. 1995. ''Genius: The Natural History of Creativity''. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press vs Dorris. B. 2009. ''The Arrival of The Fittest: How The Great Become Great''. (Lulu Url in Note 38 below)〕
== Genetic approaches ==
The early research had a strong genetic emphasis and focused on intelligence as the driving force behind greatness.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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