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Gullgubber () or guldgubber (Danish), guldgubbar (Swedish), are art-objects, amulets, or offerings found in Scandinavia and dating to the Nordic Iron Age. They consist of thin pieces of beaten gold (occasionally silver), usually between 1 and 2 sq. cm. in size, usually stamped with a motif, and are the oldest examples of toreutics in Northern Europe. The word ''gullgubbe'' means "little old man of gold" and is taken from a report published in 1791 by Nils Henrik Sjöborg,〔Margrethe Watt, ("The Gold-Figure Foils (''Guldgubbar'') from Uppåkra," ) in Lars Larsson, ed. ''Continuity for Centuries: A ceremonial building and its context at Uppåkra, southern Sweden''. Stockholm: Almqvist & Wiksell, 2004, ISBN 91-22-02107-8, pp. 167-221, p. 167.〕 in which he said that villagers in Ravlunda, Scania who found them in the dunes called them ''guldgubbar''.〔''Topographia paroeciæ Raflunda et monumentorum quæ circa sunt: quam publico examini offerunt praeses Nicolaus H. Sjöborg et respondens Gustavus Sjöborg'' (dissertation, University of Lund, 1791, Latin), OCLC 248443661; later account in Swedish in Nils Henrik Sjöborg, ''Försök till en nomenklatur för nordiska fornlemningar'', Stockholm: Delén, 1815, (p. 112 ).〕 Approximately 3,000 gullgubber have been found, from approximately 30 sites in Norway, Sweden, and the greatest number in Denmark. No fewer than 2,350 were found at the settlement of Sorte Muld on the Danish island of Bornholm, while over 100 were found at Lundeborg, near Gudme on the Danish island of Funen, and 122 at Uppåkra, Scania, Sweden.〔Watt, pp. 168 (map), 169 (Uppåkra).〕 Relatively few gullgubber have so far been found in Norway, although 19 were found during excavations at Vingrom church in Oppland between 2003 and 2005, and the distribution of finds may be affected by modern circumstances as much as the political situation at the time they were laid down.〔Martin Rundkvist, ("Östergötland's First Gold Foil Figure Die Found at Sättuna in Kaga Parish," ) ''Fornvännen'' 102 (2007) 119-22, p. 120 makes this point with respect to the dies used to make gullgubber: unlike the foils themselves, they register on metal detectors, and the fact that they have so far been found concentrated in southern Scandinavia likely reflects the relative prevalence of metal detectorists.〕 They date to the late Iron Age, from the end of the Migration Age to the early Viking Age, particularly what is referred to in Norway as the Merovingian era, in Sweden as the Vendel era, from 550 to about 800, but can be hard to date because they are often found in contexts that do not establish date. It seems likely that they replaced bracteates, which require far more metal, after obtaining gold from the Byzantine Empire became difficult.〔Rundqvist, p. 119.〕 ==Iconography and purpose== Many of the gullgubber that have been found in Norway and Sweden depict a man and a woman facing each other, sometimes embracing, sometimes with a branch or a tree visible between them. Sometimes the figures' knees are bent and they may be dancing.〔Hilda Roderick Ellis Davidson, ''Myths and Symbols in Pagan Europe: Early Scandinavian and Celtic Religions'', Manchester University Press, 1988, ISBN 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「gullgubber」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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