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gungnyeo
Gungnyeo (literally "palace women")〔Han, Hee-sook, pp. 141–146〕 is a Korean term referring to women waiting on the king and other royalty in traditional Korean society. It is short for "gungjung yeogwan", which translates as "a lady officer of the royal court".〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Korean Food Culture Series – Part 5; Royal Cuisine – Who made royal cuisines? )〕 ''Gungnyeo'' includes ''sanggung'' (palace matron)〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=상궁(尙宮), Sanggung )〕 and ''nain'' (assistant court ladies), both of which hold rank as officers. The term is also used more broadly to encompass women in a lower class without a rank such as ''musuri'' (lowest maids in charge of odd chores), ''gaksimi'', ''sonnim'', ''uinyeo'' (female physicians) as well as ''nain'' and ''sanggung''.〔(【引用サイトリンク】script-title=ko:궁녀 (宮女) )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】script-title=ko:궁녀 (宮女) )〕
== Establishment ==
Although the first record of ''gungnyeo'' appears in ''Goryeosa'', a compilation on the history of Goryeo, a provision was first made in 1392 by King Taejo per Jo Jun (趙浚) and other officers' suggestions after the establishment of the Joseon Dynasty. In 1428 Sejong the Great set up a detailed system regulating ''gungnyeo'', in which female officers were divided into ''naegwan'' (internal offices, concerned with the royal court)〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=내관(內官), naegwan )〕 and ''gunggwan'' (palace officers), and defined their ranks, titles, and social status. He further institutionalized the system, with revisions, in the Gyeongguk daejeon (Complete Code of Laws).〔
The ''gungnyeo'' were not clearly defined during the Goryeo period, and it is not known how they came to serve the court and what procedures applied to them. The use of the term during that period is therefore assumed to refer to all women in the king's service in the court. In documents related to Goryeo, the social status of ''gungnyeo'' was generally commoner or lower class, such as the daughters of slaves, concubines, or cheonmin (the despised). In the 22nd year of King Uijong ''gungnyeo'' roles were divided into ''sanggung'' (尙宮, managing the palace), ''sangchim'' (尙寢, managing bedding), ''sangsik'' (尙食 managing food), and another type of ''sangchim'' (尙針, managing sewing). Female musicians called ''yeoak'' were also a part of the ''gungnyeo''.〔
During the Joseon Dynasty, court life was centered on the King, so many court women were necessary. They were assigned to the ''Daejeon'' (大殿; the Great Hall〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=대전(大殿), daejeon )〕), ''Naejeon'' (內殿, private inner royal hall〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=내전(內殿), naejeon )〕), the ''Daebijeon'' (the Queen dowager's quarter), or the ''Sejajeon'' (the crown prince's quarter) of the palace.〔
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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