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Guru (IAST: Guru) is a Sanskrit term that connotes someone who is a "teacher, guide or master" of certain knowledge.〔Stefan Pertz (2013), The Guru in Me - Critical Perspectives on Management, GRIN Verlag, ISBN 978-3638749251, pages 2-3〕 In pan-Indian traditions, ''guru'' is someone more than a teacher, traditionally a reverential figure to the student, with the ''guru'' serving as a "counselor, who helps mold values, shares experiential knowledge as much as literal knowledge, an exemplar in life, an inspirational source and who helps in the spiritual evolution of a student."〔 The term also refers to someone who primarily is one's spiritual guide, who helps one to discover the same potentialities that the ''guru'' has already realized.〔(Guru ), Encyclopedia Britannica (2013)〕 The oldest references to the concept of ''guru'' are found in the earliest Vedic texts of Hinduism.〔 The ''guru'', and ''gurukul'' – a school run by ''guru'', were an established tradition in India by the 1st millennium BCE, and these helped compose and transmit the various Vedas, the Upanishads, texts of various schools of Hindu philosophy, and post-Vedic Shastras ranging from spiritual knowledge to various arts.〔〔〔 By about mid 1st millennium CE, archaeological and epigraphical evidence suggest numerous larger institutions of ''gurus'' existed in India, some near Hindu temples, where guru-shishya tradition helped preserve, create and transmit various fields of knowledge.〔 These gurus led broad range of studies including Hindu scriptures, Buddhist texts, grammar, philosophy, martial arts, music and painting.〔〔 The tradition of ''guru'' is also found in Jainism, referring to a spiritual preceptor, a role typically served a by Jain ascetic.〔Jeffery D Long (2009), Jainism: An Introduction, IB Tauris, ISBN 978-1845116262, pages 110, 196〕〔 In Sikhism, the ''guru'' tradition has played a key role since its founding in the 15th century, its founder is referred to as Guru Nanak, and its scripture as Guru Granth Sahib.〔William Owen Cole (1982), The Guru in Sikhism, Darton Longman & Todd, ISBN 9780232515091, pages 1-4〕〔 The guru concept has thrived in Vajrayana Buddhism, where the tantric guru is considered a figure to worship and whose instructions should never be violated.〔〔 In the West, the term is sometimes derogatory, referring to individuals who have allegedly exploited their followers' naiveté, particularly in certain tantra schools, self help, hippie and other new religious movements.〔Forsthoefel, T. and C. Humes (2005), ''Gurus in America'', SUNY Press, ISBN 0-7914-6574-8, page 3, 72, 212〕 == Definition and etymology == The word ' (Sanskrit: ), a noun, connotes "teacher" in Sanskrit, but in Indian traditions it has contextual meanings with significance beyond what teacher means in English.〔Joel Mlecko (1982), (The Guru in Hindu Tradition ) Numen, Volume 29, Fasc. 1, pages 33-61〕 The ''guru'' is more than someone who teaches specific type of knowledge, and includes in its scope someone who is also a "counselor, a sort of parent of mind and soul, who helps mold values and experiential knowledge as much as specific knowledge, an exemplar in life, an inspirational source and who reveals the meaning of life."〔 The word has the same meaning in other languages derived from or borrowing words from Sanskrit, such as Hindi, Marathi, Punjabi, Tamil, Telugu, Kannada, Malayalam, Odia, Bengali, Gujarati and Nepali. The Malayalam term Acharyan or Asan are derived from the Sanskrit word Acharya. As a noun the word means the imparter of knowledge (''jñāna''; also Pali: ''ñāna''). As an adjective, it means 'heavy,' or 'weighty,' in the sense of "heavy with knowledge," heavy with spiritual wisdom,〔Lipner, Julius J.,''Their Religious Beliefs and Practices'' p.192, Routledge (UK), ISBN 0-415-05181-9〕 "heavy with spiritual weight,"〔Cornille, C. ''The Guru in Indian Catholicism'' (1991) p.207. Peeters Publishers ISBN 90-6831-309-6〕 "heavy with the good qualities of scriptures and realization,"〔Hopkins, Jeffrey ''Reflections on Reality'' (2002) p. 72. University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-21120-0〕 or "heavy with a wealth of knowledge."〔Varene, Jean. ''Yoga and the Hindu Tradition'' (1977). p.226. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-85116-8〕 The word has its roots in the Sanskrit ''gri'' (to invoke, or to praise), and may have a connection to the word ''gur'', meaning 'to raise, lift up, or to make an effort'. Sanskrit ''guru'' is cognate with Latin ''gravis'' 'heavy; grave, weighty, serious' and Greek βαρύς ''barus'' 'heavy'. All Proto-Indo-European root '' *gʷerə-'', specifically from the zero-grade form *''gʷr̥ə-''. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「guru」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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