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gusuku
〔Sakihara Mitsugu et al (eds.) ''Okinawan-English Wordbook''. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 2006.〕 often refers to castles or fortresses in the Ryukyu Islands that feature stone walls. However, the origin and essence of ''gusuku'' remain controversial. In the archaeology of Okinawa Prefecture, the ''Gusuku period'' refers to an archaeological epoch of the Okinawa Islands that follows the shell-mound period and precedes the Sanzan period. Many ''gusuku'' and related cultural remains on Okinawa Island have been listed by UNESCO as World Heritage Sites under the title ''Gusuku Sites and Related Properties of the Kingdom of Ryukyu''.
== Philological analysis ==
The ''Yarazamori Gusuku Inscription'' (1554) contains phrases, "pile ''gusuku''" (くすくつませ) and "pile up ''gusuku'' and ..." (くすくつみつけて). Apparently ''gusuku'' in these phrases to refer to stone walls.
In the ''Omoro Sōshi'' (16th–17th centuries), the term ''gusuku'' is written as "くすく," or "ぐすく" in hiragana. Occasionally, the kanji "城" (castle) is assigned to it. In later ryūka and kumi odori, the reading ''shiro'' is also used for the same kanji. The referents of ''gusuku'' in the ''Omoro Sōshi'' are mostly castles and fortresses but are not limited to them. Some are sacred places and places of worship. In some cases, ''gusuku'' refers to Shuri Castle.〔''Okinawa kogo daijiten'' 沖縄古語大辞典, pp.241-242, 1995.〕
The ''Liuqiu-guan yiyu'', a Chinese dictionary, maps Chinese "皇城" (imperial palace) to the transcription "姑速姑" (''gu-su-gu''). Similarly, the ''Yiyu yinshi'' assigns "窟宿孤" (''ku-su-gu'') to "皇城."〔
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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