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Hadrian (; (ラテン語:Publius Aelius Hadrianus Augustus);〔In Classical Latin, Hadrian's name would be inscribed as PVBLIVS AELIVS HADRIANVS AVGVSTVS.〕〔Inscription in Athens, year 112 AD: CIL III, 550 = InscrAtt 3 = IG II, 3286 = Dessau 308 = IDRE 2, 365: ''P(ublio) Aelio P(ubli) f(ilio) Serg(ia) Hadriano / co(n)s(uli) VIIviro epulonum sodali Augustali leg(ato) pro pr(aetore) Imp(eratoris) Nervae Traiani / Caesaris Aug(usti) Germanici Dacici Pannoniae inferioris praetori eodemque / tempore leg(ato) leg(ionis) I Minerviae P(iae) F(idelis) bello Dacico item trib(uno) pleb(is) quaestori Imperatoris / Traiani et comiti expeditionis Dacicae donis militaribus ab eo donato bis trib(uno) leg(ionis) II / Adiutricis P(iae) F(idelis) item legionis V Macedonicae item legionis XXII Primigeniae P(iae) F(idelis) seviro / turmae eq(uitum) R(omanorum) praef(ecto) feriarum Latinarum Xviro s(tlitibus) i(udicandis)'' //... (text in greek)〕〔As emperor his name was ''Imperator Caesar Divi Traiani filius Traianus Hadrianus Augustus''.〕 24 January, 76 AD – 10 July, 138 AD) was Roman emperor from 117 to 138. He rebuilt the Pantheon and constructed the Temple of Venus and Roma. He is also known for building Hadrian's Wall, which marked the northern limit of Britannia. Hadrian was regarded by some as a humanist and was philhellene in most of his tastes. He is regarded as one of the Five Good Emperors. Hadrian was born Publius Aelius Hadrianus into a Hispano-Roman family. Although Italica near Santiponce (in modern-day Spain) is often considered his birthplace, his place of birth remains uncertain. However, it is generally accepted that he comes of a family with centuries-old roots in Hispania.〔(Alicia M. Canto, Itálica, Sedes natalis de Adriano )〕 His predecessor Trajan was a maternal cousin of Hadrian's father.〔(Eutr. VIII. 6 ): "...nam eum (Hadrianum) Traianus, quamquam consobrinae suae filium..." and (SHA, ''Vita Hadr''. I, 2 ): ''...pater Aelius Hadrianus cognomento Afer fuit, consobrinus Traiani imperatoris.''〕 Trajan never officially designated an heir, but according to his wife Pompeia Plotina, Trajan named Hadrian emperor immediately before his death. Trajan's wife and his friend Licinius Sura were well-disposed towards Hadrian, and he may well have owed his succession to them.〔After A. M. Canto, in (UCM.es ), specifically pp. 322, 328, 341 and footnote 124, where she stands out SHA, ''Vita Hadr.'' 1.2: ''pro filio habitus'' (years 93); 3.2: ''ad bellum Dacicum Traianum familiarius prosecutus est'' (year 101) or, principally, 3.7: ''quare adamante gemma quam Traianus a Nerva acceperat donatus ad spem successionis erectus est'' (year 107).〕 During his reign, Hadrian traveled to nearly every province of the Empire. An ardent admirer of Greece, he sought to make Athens the cultural capital of the Empire and ordered the construction of many opulent temples in the city. He used his relationship with his Greek lover Antinous to underline his philhellenism and led to the creation of one of the most popular cults of ancient times. He spent extensive amounts of his time with the military; he usually wore military attire and even dined and slept amongst the soldiers. He ordered military training and drilling to be more rigorous and even made use of false reports of attack to keep the army alert. Upon his accession to the throne, Hadrian withdrew from Trajan's conquests in Mesopotamia and Armenia, and even considered abandoning Dacia. Late in his reign he suppressed the Bar Kokhba revolt in Judaea, renaming the province Syria Palaestina. In 136 an ailing Hadrian adopted Lucius Aelius as his heir, but the latter died suddenly two years later. In 138, Hadrian resolved to adopt Antoninus Pius if he would in turn adopt Marcus Aurelius and Aelius' son Lucius Verus as his own eventual successors. Antoninus agreed, and soon afterward Hadrian died at Baiae.〔Royston Lambert, 1984, p. 175〕 ==Sources== As is the case with his predecessor, Trajan, we lack a continuous account of the political history of Hadrian's reign. What we have in the way of such an account is, as on Trajan's reign, Book 69 of the ''Roman History'' by Cassius Dio. Dio's original text of this particular book is lost: what survives is a brief, much later, Byzantine era abridgment by the Eleventh Century monk Xiphilinius, who made a selection on Dio's account of Hadrian's reign based on his mostly religious interests, covering the Bar Kokhba war relatively fully, to the exclusion of much else. Hadrian is the first imperial biography of the Historia Augusta, but the notorious unreliability of that work ("a mish mash of actual fact, Cloak and dagger, Sword and Sandal, with a sprinkling of Ubu Roi")〔Paul Veyne, ''L'Empire Gréco-Romain''. Paris: Seuil, 2005, ISBN 2-02-057798-4 , page 312. In the French original: ''de l'Alexandre Dumas, du péplum et un peu d'Ubu Roi''〕 does not allow for using it as a source without care. Hadrian's biography is generally considered to be relatively free of fictional additions.〔Danèel den Hengst, ''Emperors and Historiography: Collected Essays on the Literature of the Roman Empire''. Leiden: Brill, 2010, ISBN 978-90-04-17438-2 , page 93〕 Contemporary Greek authors such as Philostratus and Pausanias, who wrote shortly after Hadrian's reign, offer information on Hadrian's relations with the provincial Greek world, and Fronto, in his Latin correspondence, sheds some light on the general character of the reign's internal policies.〔Mary Taliaferro Boatwright, ''Hadrian and the Cities of the Roman Empire''. Princeton University Press, 2002, pages 20/26〕 As in the case of Trajan, using epigraphical, numismatic, archaeological and other non-literary sources is absolutely necessary in tracing a detailed historical account. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「hadrian」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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