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is a form of rhetoric that is intended to express real intention and true meaning through implication. This form of implicature is known as Haragei in Japan where it appears as a concept in interpersonal communication and martial arts. Literally translated, the term means "stomach art", and it refers to an exchange of thoughts and feelings that is implied in conversation, rather than explicitly stated.〔Davies, R & Ikeno, O; ''The Japanese Mind: Understanding Contemporary Japanese Culture''; Tuttle 2002 p103-108〕 In some societies, it can also denote charisma or strength of personality.〔Hahn, T; ''Sensational knowledge: embodying culture through Japanese dance'', Wesleyan University Press, 2007, p67〕 In Western literature, the essence of the difference between just talking and really communicating through silence is analyzed in Harold Pinter’s The Dumb Waiter. Most people use, almost without thought and without question, the processes which have been handed down to them as part of their cultural heritage. This is particularly true in hierarchical, authoritarian societies where approved practices are not challenged, but in any society decision-making processes tend to become a fixed and unthought-of part of the culture. However, many Japanese still consider it difficult for non-Japanese, particularly Westerners, to fully understand so incorrectly see implicature as uniquely Japanese.〔 In negotiation, ''haragei'' is characterised by euphemisms, vague and indirect statements, prolonged silences and careful avoidance of any comment that might potentially give offense.〔Binnendijk, H; ''National Negotiating Styles'', DIANE Publishing, 1987 p55〕 Information is communicated through timing, facial expression and emotional context, rather than through direct speech.〔Hassell, R; ''Haragei: Speaking from the gut'' in ''Black Belt'' Magazine, January 1985 edition〕 Takie Lebra identified four dimensions of Japanese silence - truthfulness, social discretion, embarrassment and defiance. It is sometimes considered a duplicitous tactic in negotiation to obfuscate one's true intentions, and so is often viewed in the West with suspicion;〔Johnson, F; ''Dependency and Japanese Socialization: Psychoanalytic and Anthropological Investigations in Amae'', NYU Press 1995〕 It can also be misconstrued by those with limited experience in the tactic, as in the example of President Nixon's misinterpretation of Sato Eisaku's comments in 1970. During a dispute over textile imports, Eisaku responded to Nixon's request for assistance in limiting Japanese exports by saying, "''Zensho itashimasu''" (lit. "I will do my best"). To Eisaku, this was an indirect way of saying, "no" (since to do so directly would have been contrary to the principles of ''haragei''); however Eisaku did not understand that Nixon took it as a promise of assistance.〔 ''Haragei'' also functions as a method of leadership, replacing direct orders to subordinates with subtle, non-verbal signals. It is considered a desirable trait in a leader in Japan.〔Kaiser, D; ''Pedagogy and the practice of science: historical and contemporary perspectives'', MIT Press 2005, p369〕 as it makes the assigning of responsibility or blame to the leader difficult. In martial arts circles, ''haragei'' refers to those arts which supposedly enabled the practitioner to sense threats or anticipate an opponent's movements〔Durbin, W; ''The Fighting Arts of the Samurai: the Warrior's Combat Handbook'' in ''Black Belt'' Magazine March 1990 edition〕〔Lovret, F; ''The way and the power: secrets of Japanese strategy'', Paladin Press 1987, p96〕 similar to Reinforcement sensitivity theory. ==See also== *''implicature'' *''Ishin-denshin'' *Nunchi *High- and low-context cultures 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「haragei」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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