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Ḥarām (; (アラビア語:حَرَام) ') or Haraam is an Arabic term meaning ''forbidden'', thus may refer to either something sacred which access is forbidden to the people who are not in a state of purity or that are not initiated into the sacred knowledge, either to an evil thus sinful action that is forbidden to be done; although also denoting something ''set aside'', thus being the Arabic equivalent of the Hebrew concept ''qadoš'', and the concept of Sacer (cf. sacred) in Roman Law and religion. In Islamic jurisprudence, haram is used to refer to any act that is forbidden by Allah, and is one of five Islamic commandments ( (al-ahkam al-khamsah)) that define the morality of human action. Acts that are haram are typically prohibited in the religious texts of the Quran and the Sunnah. The category of haram is the highest status of prohibition. Islam teaches that a ''haram'' (sinful) act is recorded by an angel on the person's left shoulder.〔(Islam ) Annemarie Schimmel – 1992, p. 83〕 If something is considered haram, it remains prohibited no matter how good the intention is or how honorable the purpose is. A ''haram'' is converted into a gravitational force on the day of judgment and placed on mizan (weighing scales).〔American-Arab Message – p. 92, Muhammad Karoub – 2006〕〔The Holy City: Jerusalem in the theology of the Old Testament – p. 20, Leslie J. Hoppe – 2000〕 Views of different madhabs can vary significantly regarding what is or is not haram.〔The Palgrave Handbook of Spirituality and Business – p. 142, Professor Luk Bouckaert, Professor Laszlo Zsolnai – 2011〕 ==Overview== Actions that are haram result in punishment, and are therefore considered a sin if carried out by a Muslim. An Islamic principle related to haram is that if something is prohibited, then anything that leads to it is also considered haram. A similar principle is that the sin of haram is not limited to the person who engages in the prohibited activity, but the sin also extends to others who support the person in the activity, whether it be material or moral support. The five categories of الأحrefكام الخمسة (al-aḥkām al-khamsah) or the hierarchy of acts from permitted to non-permitted are:〔 # واجب / فرض (farḍ/wājib) – 'Compulsory'/'duty' # مستحب (mustaḥabb) – Recommended, 'desirable' # مباح (mubāḥ) – Neutral, 'permissible' # مكروه (makrūh) – Disliked, 'hated' # حرام (ḥaram) – Sinful, 'prohibited' The two types of haram are: 1. الحرام لذاته (al-harām li-dhātihi) – Prohibited because of its essence and harm it causes to an individual :: * Adultery, murder, theft 2. الحرام لغيره (al-harām li-ghairihi) – Prohibited because of external reasons that are not fundamentally harmful but are associated to something that is prohibited :: * Ill-gotten wealth obtained through sin. Examples include money earned through cheating, stealing, corruption, murder and Interest or any means that involves harm to another human being. Also, a deal or sale during Friday's prayers ṣalāt al-jumu'ah. It is prohibited in Islam for a Muslim to profit from such haram actions. Any believer who benefits from or lives off wealth obtained through haram is a sinner. :: * Prayer in a house taken illegally. The religious term ''haram'', based on the Qur'an, is applied to: * Actions, such as premarital sex, murder, or getting a tattoo. * Policies, such as riba. * Objects, such as al-Masjid al-Haram and al-Masjid al-Nabawi in context as two ''haram'' (sacred) mosques. * Food and drinks, such as pork and alcohol. * Some ḥalāl objects, foods or actions that are normally halal but under some conditions become haram. For example, halal food and drinks at noon-time during Ramadan, or a cow or another halal animal that is not slaughtered in the Islamic way and in the name of Allah (God). * Inactions, such as abandoning the salah 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「haram」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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