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A ''heiau'' is a Hawaiian temple. Many types of heiau were built, including heiau to treat the sick (''heiau hōola''), offer first fruits, offer first catch, start rain, stop rain, increase the population, ensure the health of the nation, achieve success in distant voyaging, reach peace, and achieve success in war (''luakini''). Only the luakini was dedicated through human sacrifice.〔Kamakau, Samuel. ''The Works of the People of Old'', pp. 129-134〕 There are two types of luakini. They were called the ''ohia ko'' and ''hakuohia''.〔Samuel Kamakau, ''Ka Poe Kahiko; The People of Old'' (Honolulu: Bishop Museum Press, 1993), 130.〕 Heiau were made in different architectural styles depending upon their purpose and location. At the official end of Hawaiian religion in 1819 under pressure from Christian missionaries, many were deliberately destroyed, while others were allowed to fall into disrepair. Heiau are still considered sacred by many of the inhabitants of Hawaii, and some are not open to the public. In ancient times, only chiefs and priests were allowed into some of these heiau. Some heiau structures have been fully restored physically and are operated in the 21st century as public attractions. ==Architecture== Heiau were made in different shapes depending upon their purpose, varying from simple stone markers to large stone platforms, which were both parts of human sacrificial temples.〔("Pu'ukohala Heiau: History & Culture" ), Natural Park Service, 15 August 2012. Retrieved on 13 November 2012.〕 Their shapes could be rectangular, square, or rounded.〔Kamakau, p. 135〕 Some consisted of simple earth terraces, while others were elaborately constructed stone platforms. They could be placed on hills, cliffs, level earth, valleys and on the coastline touching the sea.〔 Some ''koa'' or fishing shrines were built underwater. Heiaus of the people varied in size. Large heiaus were built by prominent people while small heiaus were built by the humble.〔Samuel Kamakau, ''Ka Poe Kahiko; The People of Old'' (Honolulu: Bishop Museum Press, 1993), 131.〕 American missionary Hiram Bingham described a heiau he saw on route hiking between the summits of Mauna Kea and Hualalai. Made of piled lava rock, it was a square of , with walls eight feet high and four feet thick. A doorway led through the middle of the north wall. Eight pyramids surrounded the outside of the temple. Made of piled lava rock, they were in diameter and 12 to high.〔Bingham, Hiram. ''A Residence 21 Years in the Sandwich Islands'', Tuttle (1981) p. 397〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「heiau」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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