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hemoptysis
Hemoptysis or haemoptysis is the act of coughing up blood or blood-stained mucus from the bronchi, larynx, trachea, or lungs. This can occur with lung cancer, infections such as tuberculosis, bronchitis, or pneumonia, and certain cardiovascular conditions. Hemoptysis is considered massive if there is more than 300mL of blood lost in 24 hours. In such cases, the primary danger comes from choking, rather than blood loss.
==Differential diagnosis==
There are many conditions involving hemoptysis, including but not limited to bronchitis and pneumonia most commonly, but also lung cancers (in smokers, hemoptysis is often persistent), aspergilloma, tuberculosis, bronchiectasis, coccidioidomycosis, pulmonary embolism, pneumonic plague, and cystic fibrosis. Rarer causes include hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT or Rendu-Osler-Weber syndrome), Goodpasture's syndrome, and granulomatosis with polyangiitis. In children, hemoptysis is commonly caused by the presence of a foreign body in the airway. The condition can also result from over-anticoagulation from treatment by drugs such as warfarin.
Blood-laced mucus from the sinus or nose area can sometimes be misidentified as symptomatic of hemoptysis (such secretions can be a sign of nasal or sinus cancer, but also a sinus infection). Extensive non-respiratory injury can also cause one to cough up blood. Cardiac causes like congestive heart failure and mitral stenosis should be ruled out.
The origin of blood can be identified by observing its color. Bright-red, foamy blood comes from the respiratory tract, whereas dark-red, coffee-colored blood comes from the gastrointestinal tract. Sometimes hemoptysis may be rust-colored.
The most common cause of minor hemoptysis is bronchitis.
*Lung cancer, including both non-small cell lung carcinoma and small cell lung carcinoma.〔(Google Health – Google )〕〔(Google Health – Google )〕
*Sarcoidosis〔(Sarcoidosis Signs & Symptoms - Sarcoidosis - HealthCommunities.com )〕
*Aspergilloma
*Tuberculosis〔(Google Health – Google )〕
*Histoplasmosis〔(Histoplasmosis Symptoms - Diseases and Conditions - Mayo Clinic )〕
*Pneumonia
*Pulmonary edema
*Pulmonary embolism
*Foreign body aspiration and aspiration pneumonia
*Goodpasture's syndrome
*Granulomatosis with polyangiitis〔(Wegener's granulomatosis Symptoms - Diseases and Conditions - Mayo Clinic )〕
*Eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangitis (Churg-Strauss syndrome)
*Bronchitis〔(Hemoptysis Causes - Hemoptysis - HealthCommunities.com )〕
*Bronchiectasis〔
*Pulmonary embolism〔(Other Causes of Hemoptysis - Hemoptysis - HealthCommunities.com )〕
*Anticoagulant use〔
*Trauma〔
*Lung abscess〔
*Mitral stenosis
*Tropical eosinophilia
*Bleeding disorders
*Hughes-Stovin Syndrome and other variants of Behçet's disease
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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