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heraldry
Heraldry () is the profession, study, or art of creating, granting, and blazoning arms and ruling on questions of rank or protocol, as exercised by an officer of arms. ''Heraldry'' comes from Anglo-Norman ''herald'', from the Germanic compound ''harja-waldaz'', "army commander".〔Appendix I. ''koro-''.〕 The word, in its most general sense, encompasses all matters relating to the duties and responsibilities of officers of arms.〔Stephen Friar, Ed. ''A Dictionary of Heraldry''. (Harmony Books, New York: 1987), 183.〕 To most, though, heraldry is the practice of designing, displaying, describing, and recording coats of arms and heraldic badges.
Historically, it has been variously described as "the shorthand of history"〔Fox-Davies, ''A Complete Guide to Heraldry'', (Thomas Nelson, 1925).〕 and "the floral border in the garden of history".〔Iain Moncreiffe of that Ilk & Pottinger, ''Simple Heraldry'' (Thomas Nelson, 1953).〕 The origins of heraldry lie in the need to distinguish participants in combat when their faces were hidden by iron and steel helmets.〔John Brooke-Little. ''An Heraldic Alphabet''. (Macdonald, London: 1973),2.〕 Eventually a formal system of rules developed into ever more complex forms of heraldry.
Though the practice of heraldry is nearly 900 years old, it is still very much in use. Many cities and towns in Europe and around the world still make use of arms. Personal heraldry, both legally protected and lawfully assumed, has continued to be used around the world. Heraldic societies exist to promote education and understanding about the subject.
==Blazon==
(詳細はsyntax, or rules governing word order, which becomes essential for comprehension when blazoning a complex coat of arms. The verb comes from the Middle English ''blasoun'', itself a derivative of the French ''blason'' meaning "shield". The system of blazoning arms used in English-speaking countries today was developed by heraldic officers in the Middle Ages. The blazon includes a description of the arms contained within the escutcheon or shield, the crest, supporters where present, motto and other insignia. Complex rules, such as the rule of tincture, apply to the physical and artistic form of newly created arms, and a thorough understanding of these rules is essential to the art of heraldry. Though heraldic forms initially were broadly similar across Europe, several national styles had developed by the end of the Middle Ages, and artistic and blazoning styles today range from the very simple to extraordinarily complex.
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