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herzog
Herzog is a German hereditary title held by one who rules a territorial duchy, exercises feudal authority over an estate called a duchy, or possesses a right by law or tradition, to be referred to by the ducal title. The word is usually translated by the English ''duke'' and the Latin ''Dux''. Generally, a duke ranks below a king and above a count.〔Pine, L.G.. Titles: How the King became His Majesty. ''Titles in Western Europe.''Barnes & Noble, Inc. 1992, pp. 70-73. ISBN 978-1-56619-085-5.〕 Whether the title is deemed higher or lower than titles translated into English as "prince" (''Fürst'') has depended upon the language, country and era in which the titles co-existed.
==History==
Herzog is not related to ''Herz'' ('heart'), but is derived from German(ic) He(e)r (English: 'army') and zog (ziehen) (English: 'to move', also: ''in die Schlacht ziehen'' - "to go into battle"), a military leader. It may have originated from the Proto-Germanic title of ''Harjanaz'', who were elected by their tribes to lead them into battle. Thus ''Herzog'' was a title borne by Germanic warriors who exercised military authority over a tribe by general acclaim among its members or warriors,〔 especially in the stem duchies. During the medieval era, some of the most powerful vassals whose territories lay within the boundaries of the Holy Roman Empire took or were granted the title of ''Herzog'' by the Emperor. Several dynasties, such as the Habsburgs of Austria, Hohenzollerns of Prussia, Welfs of Hanover, Wettins of Saxony, Wittelsbachs of Bavaria and the House of Württemberg, held the ''Herzogswürde'' (dukedom) before becoming kings.
Although a ''Herzog'' ranked below a Prince Elector within the Empire, he also belonged by hereditary right to the ''Fürstenbank'' (Chamber of Princes) within the ''Reichstag'', exercised ''Landeshoheit'' within his Imperial state and enjoyed ''Reichsunmittelbarkeit'' within the Empire. Therefore ''Herzöge'' were regarded as members of the ''Hoher Adel'' (reigning nobility) whose families inter-married with sovereign dynasties outside as well as within the Empire. They ranked as royalty, distinct from nobles who were subject to a lesser suzerain than the Emperor.
Occasionally the Emperor conferred the title of ''Herzog'' on a nobleman who was not necessarily a Prince of the Holy Roman Empire and did not rule a duchy: he ranked only as a ''Titularherzog'' (duke-by-title) in Germany's non-reigning nobility.
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