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hikikomori
is a Japanese term to refer to the phenomenon of reclusive adolescents or adults who withdraw from social life, often seeking extreme degrees of isolation and confinement. The term ''hikikomori'' refers to both the sociological phenomenon in general and the people belonging to this societal group. Hikikomori have been described as recluses, loners, or "modern-day hermits."
==Definition==
The Japanese Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare defines ''hikikomori'' as people who refuse to leave their house and, thus, isolate themselves from society in their homes for a period exceeding six months.〔Itou, Junichirou. 2003. ''Shakaiteki Hikikomori Wo Meguru Tiiki Seisin Hoken Katudou No Guide-line (Guideline on Mental Health Activities in Communities for Social Withdrawal)." Tokyo: Ministry of Health, Labor, and Welfare.〕 The psychiatrist Tamaki Saitō defines ''hikikomori'' as "A state that has become a problem by the late twenties, that involves cooping oneself up in one’s own home and not participating in society for six months or longer, but that does not seem to have another psychological problem as its principal source."〔Saitō, Tamaki. 2012. ''Social Withdrawal: Adolescence without End.'' Trans. Jeffrey Angles. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.〕 More recently, researchers have suggested six specific criteria required to "diagnose" ''hikikomori'': 1) spending most of the day and nearly every day confined to home, 2) marked and persistent avoidance of social situations, 3) symptoms interfering significantly with the person’s normal routine, occupational (or academic) functioning, or social activities or relationships, 4) perceiving the withdrawal as ego-syntonic, 5) duration at least six months, and 6) no other mental disorder that accounts for the social withdrawal and avoidance.
While the degree of the phenomenon varies on an individual basis, in the most extreme cases, some people remain in isolation for years or even decades. Often ''hikikomori'' start out as school refusals, or in Japanese (an older term is .
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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