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The term ''Hispanic'' ((スペイン語:hispano, hispánico) (ガリシア語:hispánico), (バスク語: hispaniar), (カタルーニャ語、バレンシア語:hispà))〔(Dicionário Priberam )〕〔(DLC2 ) (''hispàno''). (DLC2 ) (''hispànica'').〕 broadly refers to the peoples, nations, and cultures that have a historical link to Spain. It commonly applies to countries once colonized by Spain, particularly the countries of Latin America. It could be argued that the term should apply to all Spanish-speaking cultures or countries, as the historical roots of the word specifically pertain to the Iberian region. It is difficult to label a nation or culture with one term, such as ''Hispanic,'' as the ethnicities, customs, traditions, and art forms (music, literature, dress, architecture, cuisine, and others) vary greatly by country and region. The Spanish language and Spanish culture are the main traditions.〔〔 ''Hispanic'' originally referred to the people of ancient Roman Hispania, which roughly comprised the Iberian Peninsula including the contemporary states of Spain, Portugal, Andorra and the British Overseas Territory of Gibraltar.〔(Real Academia de la Historia pg 266 )〕〔(Antiquite tardive pg 504 )〕〔(Al-Andalus, Sepharad and Medieval Iberia: Cultural Contact and Diffusion pg 231 )〕 ==Terminology== The term ''Hispanic'' derives from ''Hispanicus'' (which derived from ''Hispania''), ''Hispania'' may in turn derive from Latin ''Hispanicus'', or from Greek Ισπανία ''Hispania'' and Ισπανός ''Hispanos'', probably from Celtiberian〔 Also: (etymology of "Spain" ), on the same site.〕 or from Basque ''Ezpanna''.〔(Anthon, Charles. A System of Ancient and Mediæval Geography for the Use of Schools and Colleges pg.14 )〕 In English the word is attested from the 16th century (and in late 19th century in American English).〔(The color of words pg 107 )〕 The words ''Spain'', ''Spanish'', and ''Spaniard'' are of the same etymology as ''Hispanus'', ultimately.〔 ''Hispanus'' was the Latin name given to a person from Hispania during Roman rule. In English, the term ''Hispano-Roman'' is sometimes used. The Hispano-Romans were composed of people from many different tribes.〔(Povos Pré-Romanos da Península Ibérica ) A map showing the various Pre-Roman peoples of Iberia.〕 Some famous ''Hispani'' (plural of ''Hispanus'') were Marcus Annaeus Lucanus, Martial, Prudentius, Theodosius I, and Magnus Maximus and Maximus of Hispania. Here follows a comparison of several terms related to ''Hispanic'': *''Hispania'' was the name of the Iberian Peninsula/Iberia from the 3rd century BC to the 8th AD, both as a Roman Empire province and immediately thereafter as a Visigothic kingdom, 5th–8th century. *''Hispano-roman'' is used to refer to the culture and people of Hispania.〔(Britannica.com )〕〔(Books.Google.com )〕〔(Merriam Webster Online )〕 *''Hispanic'' is used to refer to modern Spain, to the Spanish language, and to the Spanish-speaking nations of the world and particularly the Americas.〔〔(Ask Oxford )〕 *''Spanish'' is used to refer to the people, nationality, culture, language and other things of Spain. *''Spaniard'' is used to refer to the people of Spain. ''Hispania'' was the Roman name for the whole territory of the Iberian Peninsula. Initially, this territory was divided into two provinces: Hispania Citerior and Hispania Ulterior. In 27 B.C, Hispania Ulterior was divided into two new provinces, Hispania Baetica and Hispania Lusitania, while Hispania Citerior was renamed Hispania Tarraconensis. This division of Hispania explains the usage of the singular and plural forms (Spain, and The Spains) used to refer to the peninsula and its kingdoms in the Middle Ages.〔(A history of medieval Spain pg 28 )〕 Before the marriage of Queen Isabella I of Castile and King Ferdinand II of Aragon in 1469, the four Christian kingdoms of the Iberian Peninsula—the Kingdom of Portugal, the Crown of Aragon, the Crown of Castile, and the Kingdom of Navarre—were collectively called The Spains. This revival of the old Roman concept in the Middle Ages appears to have originated in Provençal, and was first documented at the end of the 11th century. In the Council of Constance, the four kingdoms shared one vote. The word ''Lusitanian'', relates to Lusitania or Portugal, also in reference to the Lusitanians, possibly one of the first Indo-European tribes to settle in Europe. From this tribe's name had derived the name of the Roman province of Lusitania, and ''Lusitania'' remains the name of Portugal in Latin. The terms ''Spain'' and ''the Spains'' were not interchangeable.〔(Saint and Nation pg 10 )〕 Spain was a geographic territory, home to several kingdoms (Christian and Muslim), with separate governments, laws, languages, religions, and customs, and was the historical remnant of the Hispano-Gothic unity.〔(Spain's centuries of crisis: 1300-1474 pg2 )〕 Spain was not a political entity until much later, and when referring to the Middle Ages, one should not be confounded with the nation-state of today.〔(Las Raices Medievales de España )〕 The term ''The Spains'' referred specifically to a collective of juridico-political units, first the Christian kingdoms, and then the different kingdoms ruled by the same king. With the Decretos de Nueva Planta, Philip V started to organize the fusion of his kingdoms that until then were ruled as distinct and independent, but this unification process lacked a formal and juridic proclamation.〔(Historia general de España y América: La España de las reformas pg 87 )〕〔(Homenaje a la Constitución Española: XXV aniversari pg 123 )〕 Although colloquially and literally the expression "King of Spain" or "King of the Spains" was already widespread,〔(Felipe IV: el hombre y el reinado pg 137 )〕 it did not refer to a unified nation-state. It was only in the constitution of 1812 that was adopted the name ''Españas'' (Spains) for the Spanish nation and the use of the title of "king of the Spains".〔(Constitución política de la Monarquía Española Promulgada en Cádiz a 19 de Marzo de 1812 )〕 The constitution of 1876 adopts for the first time the name "Spain" for the Spanish nation and from then on the kings would use the title of "king of Spain".〔(Estado y territorio en España, 1820-1930: la formación del paisaje nacional pg 25-26 )〕 The expansion of the Spanish Empire between 1492 and 1898 brought thousands of Spanish migrants to the conquered lands, who established settlements, mainly in the Americas, but also in other distant parts of the world (as in the Philippines, the lone Spanish territory in Asia), producing a number of multiracial populations. Today, the term ''Hispanic'' is typically applied to the varied populations of these places, including those with little or no Spanish ancestry. ===Definitions in ancient Rome=== The Latin gentile adjectives that belong to Hispania are ''Hispanus, Hispanicus,'' and ''Hispanienses.'' A Hispanus is someone who is a native of Hispania with no foreign parents, while children born in Hispania of (Latin) Roman parents were Hispaniensis. ''Hispaniensis'' means 'connected in some way to Hispania', as in "Exercitus Hispaniensis" ('the Spanish army') or "mercatores Hispanienses" ('Spanish merchants'). ''Hispanicus'' implies 'of' or 'belonging to' Hispania or the Hispanus or of their fashion as in "glaudius Hispanicus".〔(The gentleman's magazine, and historical chronicle, Volume 90, Part 1 pg326 )〕 The gentile adjectives were not ethnolinguistic but derived primarily on a geographic basis, from the toponym Hispania as the people of Hispania spoke different languages, although Livy said they could all understand each other, not making clear if they spoke dialects of the same language or were polyglots. 〔(Livius, Titus. The History of Rome, Vol. III 25.33 )〕 The first recorded use of an anthroponym derived from the toponym Hispania is attested in one of the five fragments, of Ennius in 236 B.C. who wrote "Hispane, non Romane memoretis loqui me" (remember that I speak like a Spaniard not a Roman) as having been said by a native of Hispania.〔(GARCÍA RIAZA, E., "Lengua y poder. Notas sobre los orígenes de la latinización de las élites celtibéricas (182-133 aC)" , Palaeohispanica 5-2005, 637-655 )〕〔(España y los españoles )〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「hispanic」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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