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In footwear, a hobnail is a short nail with a thick head used to increase the durability of boot soles. Hobnailed boots (known in Scotland as "tackety boots") are boots with hobnails (nails inserted into the soles of the boots), usually installed in a regular pattern, over the sole. They also usually have an iron horseshoe-shaped insert, called a heel iron, to strengthen the heel, and an iron toe-piece. The hobnails project below the sole and provide traction on soft or rocky ground and snow, but they tend to slide on smooth hard surfaces. They may also have steel toecaps. They have been used since antiquity for inexpensive durable footwear, often by workmen and the military, including the trench boots of World War I. Roman soldiers wore hobnailed sandals ("Caligae"). Important design work for the modern hobnailed boot was done during World War I, e.g. the "Pershing Boot" in the USA. Problems experienced in designing WWI USA army boots were: *Tearing at the backstay: cured by sewing the backstay on with 3 rows of stitching each side. *Letting water in: cured by dubbin. *Rotting in foul conditions in trenches: cured by chrome tanning rather than only using vegetable tanning. *Cold conducting through the hobnails into the feet: that, and need for strength, was cured by three thicknesses of leather in the soles. *Sole wear: toe and heel irons as well as hobnails. Hobnailed boots were formerly much used for mountaineering to grip on sloping rock surfaces. Mountaineering hobnailed boots tended to also have large hobnails fastened to the extreme edges of the soles and heels to grip on any small roughness on steeply sloping rock and on snow, particularly before crampons came into common use. == Etymology == *Hobnail: Chambers's etymological dictionary of the English language: () *Stud: Chambers's etymological dictionary of the English language: () 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「hobnail」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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