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holly
''Ilex'' , or holly,〔''Sunset Western Garden Book'' 1995:606–607〕 is a genus of 400 to 600 species of flowering plants in the family Aquifoliaceae, and the only living genus in that family. The species are evergreen and deciduous trees, shrubs, and climbers from tropics to temperate zones worldwide.
==Description==
The genus ''Ilex'' is widespread throughout the temperate and subtropical regions of the world. It includes species of trees, shrubs, and climbers, with evergreen or deciduous foliage and inconspicuous flowers. Its range was more extended in the Tertiary period and many species are adapted to laurel forest habitat. It occurs from sea level to more than with high mountain species. It is a genus of small, evergreen trees with smooth, glabrous, or pubescent branchlets. The plants are generally slow-growing with some species growing to tall. The type species is the European holly ''Ilex aquifolium'' described by Linnaeus.〔(【引用サイトリンク】 Index Nominum Genericorum )〕
Plants in this genus have simple, alternate glossy leaves, typically with a spiny toothed, or serrated leaf margin. The inconspicuous flower is greenish white, with four petals. They are generally dioecious, with male and female flowers on different plants.
The small fruits of ''Ilex'', although often referred to as berries, are technically drupes.〔(【引用サイトリンク】 url = http://www.kew.org/plants-fungi/Ilex-aquifolium.htm )〕 They range in color from red to brown to black, and rarely green or yellow. The "bones" contain up to ten seeds each. Some species produce fruits parthenogenetically, such as the cultivar 'Nellie R. Stevens'. The fruits ripen in winter and thus provide winter colour contrast between the bright red of the fruits and the glossy green evergreen leaves. Hence the cut branches, especially of ''I. aquifolium'', are widely used in Christmas decoration. The fruits are generally slightly toxic to humans, and can cause vomiting and diarrhea when ingested. However, they are an important food source for birds and other animals, which help disperse the seeds. Unfortunately this can have negative impacts as well. Along the west coast, from California to British Columbia, English Holly (Ilex aquifolium) -which is grown commercially- is quickly spreading into native forest habitat, where it thrives in shade and crowds out native species. It has been placed on the Washington State Noxious Weed Control Board's monitor list, and is a Class C invasive plant in Portland.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Noxious Weed Control Board (NWCB) - WA State - Weed Detail Page )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=English Holly )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Cal-IPC: Ilex aquifolium )〕〔https://www.portlandoregon.gov/auditor/34460?a=322280〕
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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