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Homelessness is the condition of people without a regular dwelling. People who are homeless are most often unable to acquire and maintain regular, safe, secure and adequate housing, or lack "fixed, regular, and adequate night-time residence."〔United States Department of Housing and Urban Development, ("Federal Definition of Homeless" )〕 The legal definition of ''homeless'' varies from country to country, or among different jurisdictions in the same country or region.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Glossary defining homelessness )〕 The term ''homeless'' may also include people whose primary night-time residence is in a homeless shelter, a warming center, a domestic violence shelter, a vehicle (including recreational vehicles and campers), squatting, cardboard boxes, a tent, tarpaulins, or other ''ad hoc'' housing situations. A home is not just a physical space: it provides roots, identity, security, a sense of belonging and a place of emotional wellbeing. 〔United Kingdom charity Crisis 〕American government homeless enumeration studies〔Bogard, Cynthia J., ("Advocacy and Enumeration: Counting Homeless People in a Suburban Community" ), ''American Behavioral Scientist'' September 2001 vol. 45 no. 1 105-120〕〔Gabbard, W. Jay; et al., ("Methodological Issues in Enumerating Homeless Individuals" ), ''Journal of Social Distress and the Homeless'' Volume 16, Number 2 / May 2007 90-103〕 also include persons who sleep in a public or private place not designed for use as a regular sleeping accommodation for human beings.〔Office of Applied Studies, United States Department of Health and Human Services, ("Terminology" )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=United States Code, Title 42, Chapter 119, Subchapter I, § 11302 )〕 There are a number of organizations who provide provisions for the homeless, for example, The Salvation Army. In 2005, an estimated 100 million people worldwide were homeless, and as many as 1 billion people live as squatters, refugees or in temporary shelter, all lacking adequate housing.〔http://www.share-international.org/archives/homelessness/hl-mlaroof.htm〕〔https://www.homelessworldcup.org/homelessness-statistics/〕〔"(Homelessness around the world )". Boston.com. December 14, 2011.〕 The U.K. alone accounts for more than 80,000 homeless people, a number which increases every year.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://england.shelter.org.uk/news/november_2013/80,000_children_facing_homelessness_this_christmas )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.depauluk.org/newsandresources/case-studies/sleepout2015/ )〕 In western countries, the large majority of homeless are men (75–80%), with single males particularly overrepresented.〔(Social inequality: forms, causes ... – Charles E. Hurst – Google Books )〕〔(CBS – 17 homeless in every 10 thousand Dutch – Web magazine )〕 Most countries provide a variety of services to assist homeless people. They often provide food, shelter and clothing and may be organized and run by community organizations (often with the help of volunteers) or by government departments. These programs may be supported by government, charities, churches and individual donors. Many cities also have street newspapers, which are publications designed to provide employment opportunity to homeless people. While some homeless have jobs, some must seek other methods to make a living. Begging or panhandling is one option, but is becoming increasingly illegal in many cities. ==Difficulties in classification== The term ''unsheltered'' refers to that segment of a homeless community who do not have ordinary lawful access to buildings in which to sleep. Such persons frequently prefer the term ''houseless'' to the term ''homeless''. Others may use the term ''street people'', which does not fully encompass all unsheltered in that many such persons do not spend their time on urban street environments. Many shun such locales and prefer to convert unoccupied or abandoned buildings, or to inhabit mountains or, more often, lowland meadows, and creek banks and beaches〔"Inside Straight Edge". Writer: David Shadrack Smith. Directors: Jim Gaffey and David Shadrack Smith. Inside. National Geographic Society. 9 April 2008. Retrieved on 28 January 2011.. 〕 Many jurisdictions have developed programs to provide short term emergency shelter (often in churches or other institutional real property, during particularly cold spells). These are referred to as warming centers, and are credited by their advocates as lifesaving.〔Svitek, Patrick. "Evanston homeless find warm shelters". Daily Northwestern. http://www.dailynorthwestern.com/city/evanston-homeless-find-warm-shelters-1.2458986. Retrieved〕 A portion of the homeless population are generally in transit, but there is no generally accepted terminology to describe them; some nomenclature is frequently associated with derogatory connotations, and thus the professional and vernacular lingo to describe these persons is both evolving and not lacking in controversy.〔("Houseless and Homeless Not Same Thing" | Oldtimer Speaks Out )〕 Much of the concern stems from the European situation, where homeless persons of Roma, Sinti and other ethnic descent have rejected the term ''gypsy''. Other terms which some use regarding in-transit persons are: transient, vagabond, tramp or drifter. Occasionally, these terms are interchanged with terms not necessarily implying that the person is a traveler, i.e. hobo. The term ''bum'' is used for persons lacking a work ethic. The term ''transient'' is frequently used in police reports, without any precise definitions across jurisdictions. It is complex and difficult to define ''homelessness''. Many different definitions have been made and changes to the concept are constantly being brought to attention. The United States Congress has developed a definition that has gone through multiple changes. First applied in 1987, this general definition was provided and is now called the McKinney-Vento Act. As time went on and homelessness was still apparent in the USA, Congress added a definition for the homeless children and youths that will be using the educational programs; this change accrued in 2002. Congress later, in 2009, enacted the Homeless Emergency Assistance and Rapid Transition Housing Act, also known as The HEARTH Act. This broadened the general definition of homelessness and gave more consideration to help given to those who are considered homeless. Once again, in 2011, the United States Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) issued a final rule to implement changes to the definition of homeless in the HEARTH Act. The implemented rule expands who is eligible for HUD-funded homeless assistance programs. (Cackley, A. P) 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「homelessness」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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