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homesickness
Homesickness is the distress or impairment caused by an actual or anticipated separation from home.〔Kerns, Brumariu, Abraham. Kathryn A., Laura E., Michelle M.(2009/04/13). Homesickness at summer camp. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 54.〕 Its cognitive hallmark is preoccupying thoughts of home and attachment objects.〔Thurber, C.A. & Walton, E.A. (2007). Preventing and treating homesickness. ''Pediatrics, 119'', 843–858.〕 Sufferers typically report a combination of depressive and anxious symptoms, withdrawn behavior and difficulty focusing on topics unrelated to home.〔Thurber, C.A., Sigman, M.D., Weisz, J.R., & Schmidt, C.K. (1999). Homesickness in preadolescent and adolescent girls: Risk factors, behavioral correlates, and sequelae. ''Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 28'', 185–196.〕〔Thurber, C.A. (1999). The phenomenology of homesickness in boys. ''Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 27'', 125–139.〕〔Fisher, S. (1989). ''Homesickness, Cognition, and Health.'' Hove, UK: Lawrence Erlbaum.〕
In its mild form, homesickness prompts the development of coping skills and motivates healthy attachment behaviors, such as renewing contact with loved ones.〔Thurber, C.A. & Weisz, J.R. (1997). "You Can Try or You Can Just Give Up": The impact of perceived control and coping style on childhood homesickness. ''Developmental Psychology, 33'', 508–517.〕 Indeed, nearly all people miss something about home when they are away, making homesickness a nearly universal experience.〔van Tilburg, M.A.L. & Vingerhoets, A. (Eds.) (1997). ''Acculturation stress and homesickness''. Tilburg, The Netherlands: Tilburg University Press.〕 However, intense homesickness can be painful and debilitating.〔Thurber, C.A. & Walton, E.A. (2012). Homesickness and adjustment in university students. ''Journal of American College Health, 60'', 1–5.〕〔Fisher, S. & Hood, B. (1987). The stress of the transition to university: A longitudinal study of psychological disturbance, absent-mindedness and vulnerability to homesickness. ''British Journal of Psychology, 78'', 425–441.〕
Fortunately, prevention and treatment strategies exist for both children and adults. There are protective factors which can help people to cope with homesickness. Youth-serving organizations, such as the American Camp Association, have developed a homesickness prevention program. One study showed that this inexpensive intervention can lower the intensity of homesickness of first-year campers by an average 50%.〔Thurber, C.A. (2005). Multimodal homesickness prevention in boys spending 2 weeks at a residential summer camp. ''Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 73'', 555–560.〕
== Brief history ==
Homesickness is an ancient phenomenon, mentioned in both the Old Testament book of Exodus and Psalm 137:1 ("By the rivers of Babylon, there we sat down, yea, we wept, when we remembered Zion.") and Homer's ''Odyssey'', whose opening scene features Athena arguing with Zeus to bring Odysseus home because he is homesick. ("...longing for his wife and his homecoming...") The Greek physician Hippocrates (ca. 460–377 BC) believed that homesickness—also called "heimveh" (old German word for "Heimweh") or a "nostalgic reaction"—was caused by a surfeit of black bile in the blood.〔Zwingmann, C. (1959). "Heimveh" or "nostalgic reaction": A conceptual analysis and interpretation of a medico-psychological phenomenon (). Stanford (CA): Stanford University.〕 In recent history homesickness is first mentioned specifically with Swiss people being abroad in Europe ("Heimweh") for a longer period of time in a document dating back to 1691.〔''Schweizerisches Idiotikon'' Bd. XV Sp. 42 f., Artikel (''Heimwē'' )〕 A normal phenomenon amongst the many common Swiss mercenaries serving in different countries and many rulers across Europe at that time. It was not uncommon for them staying many years away from home and, if lucky enough, return home if still alive. This phenomenon at that time was first only thought to affect Swiss people until this was revised, probably caused by big migration streams across Europe suggesting the same symptoms and thus homesickness found its way into general German medical literature in the 19th century. American contemporary histories, such as Susan J. Matt's ''Homesickness: An American History'' eloquently describe experiences of homesickness in colonists, immigrants, gold miners, soldiers, explorers and others spending time away from home. First understood as a brain lesion, homesickness is now known to be a form of normative psychopathology that reflects the strength of a person's attachment to home, native culture and loved ones, as well as their ability to regulate their emotions and adjust to novelty. Cross-cultural research, with populations as diverse as refugees and boarding school students, suggests considerable agreement on the definition of homesickness.〔van Tilburg, M.A.A. & Vingerhoets, A. (Eds.). (1997). Acculturation Stress and Homesickness. Tilburg, The Netherlands. Tilburg University Press.〕 Additional historical perspectives on homesickness and place attachment can be found in books by van Tilburg & Vingerhoets,〔 Matt,〔Matt, S.J. (2011). Homesickness: An American History. USA: Oxford University Press.〕 and Williams.〔Williams, A. (Ed.). (1999). Therapeutic Landscapes: The Dynamic Between Place and Wellness. New York: University Press of America.〕
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