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huaben
A ''huaben'' () is a Chinese short or medium length story or novella written mostly in vernacular language, sometimes including simple classical language. In contrast to the full length Chinese novel, it is generally not divided into chapters and recounts a limited number of characters or events. The earliest ''huaben'' are reported in the 12th century during the Song dynasty but the genre did not flourish until the late Ming dynasty, and after the mid-17th century did not produce works of originality. In the development of Chinese fiction, the ''huaben'' are heirs of the ''bianwen'' (Buddhist tales) and ''chuanqi'' of the Tang dynasty, and are the predecessors of the stories and full-length novels of the Ming.〔"The Novella," in Wilt Idema and Lloyd Haft. ''A Guide to Chinese Literature.'' (Ann Arbor: Center for Chinese Studies, The University of Michigan, 1997, ISBN 978-0-89264-099-7), p. 212.〕
==Origins: the storytelling of the Song==
The pleasure districts of the two Song dynasty capitals, Kaifeng and Hangzhou, hosted a range of entertainment, including storytelling. The storytellers were specialized by theme and topic. Some told historical tales, often drawn from the history of the Three Kingdoms (220–265) or the Five Dynasties (907–960), in several sessions, sometimes over several weeks. Others specialized in Buddhist stories, heirs of the ''bianwen''. There was also a class of storytellers whose tales took one sitting. These stories were divided into subgenres, such as the stories of bandits, fantastic stories of ghosts and demons, love stories, and such. Scholars of the genre have disproved the early theory that ''huaben'' originated in the promptbooks or "cribs" used by these storytellers, but ''huaben'' did grow from the oral style and story-telling conventions of these early tales.〔Yenna Wu, "Vernacular Stories," in Victor Mair, (ed.), ''The Columbia History of Chinese Literature'' (New York: Columbia University Press, 2001, ISBN 978-0-231-52851-1), pp. 595–619.〕
No original printed versions survive from the Song dynasty, and only one reference from the 14th or 15th centuries, though later collections print what claim to be Song ''huaben''. ''The Tales of the Serene Mountain'' (Qingping Shantang huaben), published in 1550 by Hong Pian, a bibliophile in Hangzhou, is the oldest known printed collection of ''huaben''. It originally contained 60 texts from the Song and Yuan Dynasties, but fewer than half have survived, almost all considered of low quality. They are, however, the earliest evidence of written versions of the oral stories. In form, a poem often served as prologue, another at the end gave the moral of the story, and the body of the tale included passages in verse.〔〔
Another of these collections is the ''Datang Sanzang fashi qujing ji'' (Stories of Master Tripitaka, of the Great Tang, who went to fetch the sutras).〔
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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