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Hurdling is the act of running and stepping over an obstacle at speed. In the sport of athletics, hurdling forms the basis of a number track and field events which are a highly specialized form of obstacle racing. In these events, a series of barriers known as hurdles are set at precisely measured heights and distances which each athlete must pass by running over.〔http://www.usatf.org/groups/officials/files/resources/rules/IAAF-Rule-Book-2012-2013.pdf IAAF Rule Book P162 (151 of the document)〕 Failure to pass over, by passing under, or intentionally knocking over hurdles will result in disqualification. Accidental knocking over of hurdles is not cause for disqualification,〔http://www.usatf.org/groups/officials/files/resources/rules/IAAF-Rule-Book-2012-2013.pdf IAAF Rule Book P161-162 (151 of the document)〕 but the hurdles are weighted to make doing so disadvantageous.〔 The most prominent hurdles events are 110 meters hurdles for men, 100 meters hurdles for women, and 400 meters hurdles (both sexes) – these three distances are all contested at the Summer Olympics and the World Championships in Athletics. The two shorter distances take place on the straight of a running track, while the 400 m version covers one whole lap of a standard oval track. Events over shorter distances are also commonly held at indoor track and field events, ranging from 50 meters hurdles upwards. Women historically competed in the 80 meters hurdles at the Olympics in the mid-20th century. Hurdles race are also part of combined events contests, including the decathlon and heptathlon.〔http://www.usatf.org/groups/officials/files/resources/rules/IAAF-Rule-Book-2012-2013.pdf IAAF Rule Book P214 (202 of the document)〕 In track races, hurdles are normally between 68–107 cm in height (or 27-42 inches), and vary depending on the age and gender of the hurdler. Events from 50 to 110 meters are technically known as high hurdles races, while longer competitions are low hurdles races. The track hurdles events are forms of sprinting competitions, although the 400 m version is less anaerobic in nature and demands athletic qualities similar to the 800 meters flat race. A hurdling technique can also be found in the steeplechase, although in this event athletes are also permitted to step on the barrier to clear it. Similarly, in cross country running athletes may hurdle over various natural obstacles, such as logs, mounds of earth and small streams – this represents the sporting origin of the modern events. Horse racing has its own variant of hurdle racing, with similar principals.〔(【引用サイトリンク】 title=Horse Racing Victoria )〕 ==Distances== The standard sprint or short hurdle race is 110 meters for men and 100 meters for women. The standard amount of steps to the first hurdle should be 8. However, Lolo Jones is one of the few female athletes able to complete 7 steps to the first hurdle. Furthermore, the standard long hurdle race is 400 meters for both men and women. Each of these races is run over ten hurdles and they are all Olympic events.〔(IAAF Rulebook )〕 Other distances are run, particularly indoors but occasionally outdoors. The sprint hurdle race indoors is usually 60 meters for both men and women, although races 55 meters or 50 meters long are sometimes run, especially in the United States. A 60 meter indoor race is run over 5 hurdles. A shorter race may occasionally have only 4 hurdles. Outdoors, a long hurdle race is sometimes shortened to 300 meters for younger participants, who run over 8 hurdles. For example, high school and middle school athletes in Pennsylvania run the 300 meter hurdles instead of running the 400 meter hurdles, like what the majority of state competitors run today. These hurdles are spaced distance-wise identical to the beginning of a standard 400 meter race which would have 10 hurdles. There are also 200 meter races for middle school and younger divisions over 5 hurdles (spaced in the same position as the last 5 hurdles of a standard 400 meter race).〔 Other forms, such as the 200 m hurdles with 10 low hurdles is run in for example Norway. There are five hurdle heights on most standard hurdles. The highest position (sometimes "college high" or "open high") is used for men's sprint hurdle races (60 m, and 110 m), which are . The next highest, (sometimes "high school high"〔 ) is used by veteran men under age 50, and younger boys. The middle position of 36 inches (91.44 cm), (sometimes "intermediate") which is used for men's long hurdle races (400 m) plus some youth and veteran age divisions. The next lower position, is called the "women's high"〔 used for women's short hurdle races. The lowest position, called the "low hurdle" is used for women's long hurdles plus many youth and veteran races. Some races call for for youth or veteran events. Hurdles that go to this position are rare and are notable by having a sixth position.〔 In sprint hurdle races for men, regardless of the length of the race, the first hurdle is from the starting line and the distance between hurdles is . In sprint hurdle races for women, the first hurdle is from the starting line and the distance between hurdles is . In long hurdle events, whether for men or women, the first hurdle is from the starting line and the distance between hurdles is . Most races which are shorter than the standard distance (such as indoor races) are simply run over fewer hurdles but use the same distances from the starting line.〔(Trackinfo Hurdles 101 )〕 There are variations on hurdle height and spacing for the age groups of athletes competing. See Masters athletics (track and field) and Youth athletics.〔The specifications for those variations are enumerated in the rule amendments for those divisions and are explained (on this website ).〕 The men's 200 meters low hurdles event was on the Olympic athletics programme for the 1900 and 1904 Summer Olympics. These low hurdles events were widely participated in the early part of the 20th century, particularly in North America. However, beyond these two Olympic outings, they never gained a consistent place at international competitions and became increasing rare after the 1960s. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「hurdling」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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