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hwarang
The Hwarang, or "Flowering Knights",〔Shin, C.Y., p. 214.〕 were an elite group of male youth in Silla, an ancient Korean kingdom that lasted until the 10th century. There were educational institutions as well as social clubs where members gathered for all aspects of study, originally for arts and culture, and stemming mainly from Buddhism. Chinese sources referred only to the physical beauty of the "Flower Boys".〔Rutt, p. 22〕 Originally, the hwarang were known for their use of make-up and cosmetic decorations and accessories. Few Koreans are said to have known about the history of hwarang until after the liberation of 1945, after which the hwarang became elevated to a symbolic importance.〔Rutt, p. 30〕
The Hwarang were also referred to as Hyangdo (fragrant ones or incense men), the word hwarang and its colloquial derivatives being used from everything from playboy, to shaman or husband of a female shaman. The word remained in common use until the 12th century but with more derogatory meanings.〔Rutt, p.9〕
==Traditional sources for Hwarang==
Information on the Hwarang are mainly found in the histories ''Samguk Sagi'' (1145) and ''Samguk Yusa'' (ca. 1285), and the partially extant ''Haedong Goseungjeon'' (1215), a compilation of biographies of famous monks of the Three Kingdoms.
All three of these works cite primary sources no longer extant, including: 1) a memorial stele to Nallang (presumably a Hwarang based upon the suffix ''nang'') by the 9th–10th century Silla scholar Choe Chiwon; 2) an early Tang account of Silla titled the ''Xinluo guoji'' by the Tang official Ling Hucheng; and 3) ''Hwarang Segi'' (화랑세기, 花郞世記, Chronicle of the Hwarang) by Kim Daemun, compiled in the early 8th century. In the late 1980s, an alleged ''Hwarang Segi'' manuscript was discovered in Gimhae, South Korea, which a scholar named Richard McBride regards as a forgery.〔see McBride (2005).〕
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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