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hymenoptera
Hymenoptera is the third-largest order of insects, comprising the sawflies, wasps, bees, and ants. Over 150,000 species are recognized, with many more remaining to be described. The name refers to the wings of the insects, but the original derivation is ambiguous. All references agree that the derivation involves the Ancient Greek πτερόν (''pteron'') for wing. The Ancient Greek ὑμήν (''hymen'') for membrane provides a plausible etymology for the term because these insects have membranous wings. However, a key characteristic of this order is that the hind wings are connected to the fore wings by a series of hooks. Thus, another plausible etymology involves Hymen, the Ancient Greek god of marriage, as these insects have "married wings" in flight.
Females typically have a special ovipositor for inserting eggs into hosts or otherwise inaccessible places. The ovipositor is often modified into a stinger. The young develop through holometabolism (complete metamorphosis)—that is, they have a worm-like larval stage and an inactive pupal stage before they mature.
==Evolution==
Hymenoptera originated in the Triassic, with the oldest fossils belonging to the family Xyelidae. Social hymenopterans appeared during the Cretaceous. The evolution of this group has been intensively studied by A. Rasnitsyn, M. S. Engel, G. Dlussky, and others.
This clade has been studied by examining the mitochondrial DNA.〔Mao M, Gibson T, Dowton M (2014) Higher-level phylogeny of the Hymenoptera inferred from mitochondrial genomes. Mol Phylogenet Evol〕 Although this study was unable to resolve all the ambiguities in this clade, some relationships could be established. The ''Aculeata'', ''Ichneumonomorpha'', and ''Proctotrupomorpha'' were monophyletic. The ''Megalyroidea'' and''Trigonalyoidea'' are sister clades as are the ''Chalcidoidea''+''Diaprioidea''. The ''Cynipoidea'' was generally recovered as the sister group to ''Chalcidoidea'' and ''Diaprioidea'' which are each other's closest relations.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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