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Illeism (from Latin ''ille'' meaning "he, that") is the act of referring to oneself in the third person instead of first person. Illeism is sometimes used in literature as a stylistic device. In real life usage, illeism can reflect a number of different stylistic intentions or involuntary circumstances. ==In literature== Early literature such as Julius Caesar's ''Commentarii de Bello Gallico'' or Xenophon's ''Anabasis'', both ostensibly non-fictional accounts of wars led by their authors, used illeism to impart an air of objective impartiality to the account, which included justifications of the author's actions. In this way personal bias is presented, albeit dishonestly, as objectivity. Illeism can also be used in literature to provide a twist, wherein the identity of the narrator as also being the main character is hidden from the reader until later in the story (e.g. one Arsène Lupin story where the narrator is Arsène Lupin but hides his own identity); the use of third person implies external observation. A similar use is when the author injects himself into his own third-person-narrative story as a character, such as Charlie Kaufman in ''Adaptation'', Douglas Coupland in ''JPod'', and commonly done by Clive Cussler in his novels, beginning with Dragon. (There are also novels in which illeism ''may'' have been committed, but are not explicit, such the Traveller in H. G. Wells' ''The Time Machine'', the identity of whom is often presumed to be Wells himself, as portrayed in the 1979 film ''Time After Time''.) It can also be used as a device to illustrate the feeling of "being outside one's body and watching things happen", a psychological disconnect resulting from dissonance either from trauma such as childhood physical or sexual abuse, or from psychotic episodes of actions that can't be reconciled with the individual's own self-image. The same kind of objective distance can be employed for other purposes. Theologian Richard B. Hays writes an essay where he challenges earlier findings that he disagrees with. These were the findings of one Richard B. Hays, and the newer essay treats the earlier work and earlier author at arms' length.〔Richard B. Hays, “‘Here We Have No Lasting City’: New Covenantalism in Hebrews” in Richard J. Bauckham ''et al'' (eds.), ''The Epistle to the Hebrews and Christian Theology'' (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2009), 151–173, esp. 151–152, 167.〕 A common device in science fiction is for robots, computers, and other artificial life to refer to themselves in the third person, e.g. "This unit is malfunctioning" or "Number Five is alive" (famously said by Johnny Five in ''Short Circuit''), to suggest that these creatures are not truly self-aware, or else that they separate their consciousness from their physical form. Illeism is also a device used to show idiocy, such as the character Mongo in ''Blazing Saddles'', e.g. "Mongo like candy" and "Mongo only pawn in game of life." (Note also the lack of articles and verb inflection in both sentences.) 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「illeism」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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