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iltizam
An Iltizam (Arabic التزام) was a form of tax farm that appeared in the 15th century in the Ottoman Empire. The system began under Mehmed the Conqueror and was abolished during the Tanzimat reforms in 1856.
Iltizams were sold off by the government to wealthy notables, who would then reap up to five times the amount they had paid by taxing the peasants and extracting agricultural production. It was a system that was very profitable and was of great benefit to the Egyptian aristocracy under the Mameluks, and helped create a large and powerful elite. In Egypt it was abolished by Muhammad Ali as part of his centralization efforts in the early nineteenth century.
The holder of an Iltizam was a ''multazim'' (Arabic ملتزم).
Iltizam was typically an annual agreement; malikâne, developed as a replacement for Iltizam, was for life.
==References==
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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