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impropriation
Impropriation, a term from English ecclesiastical law, was the destination of the income from tithes of an ecclesiastical benefice to a layman.〔Blunt, J.H. & Phillimore, Sir Walter G.F. ''The Book of Church Law'' Rivingtons(1885)
p=340〕 With the establishment of the parish system in England, it was necessary for the properties to have an owner. This was the ''parochianus'' or parson/rector who was sustained by the benefice income while providing personally for the cure-of-souls. The parson was technically a corporation sole.;〔A legal entity vested in an individual and his successors by reason of his office which persists even though there is no living person holding it and its affairs are being administered by "sequestrators"〕〔Neep, E.J.C; Edinger, George. A Handbook of Church Law for the Clergy. A.R. Mowbray & Cº(1928) p.6〕〔Blunt, J.H. & Phillimore, Sir Walter G.F. ''The Book of Church Law'' Rivingtons(1885) p=283〕 With the passage of time, the benefice came to be considered a piece of property whose holder could discharge the spiritual responsibilities by a deputy and many were appropriated by monasteries or other spiritual corporations.〔Neep, E.J.C; Edinger, George. A Handbook of Church Law for the Clergy. A.R. Mowbray & Cº(1928) p.74〕 These were bound to provide for a cleric for the cure of souls in the parish but could use any excess income as they pleased.〔 The deputy was often known as the 'vicar'.
Impropriation was similar except that the recipient was a layman or secular corporation who was obliged to provide a cleric to serve the parish and for his maintenance. After 1200, no layman could have a cure of souls but grants were still occasionally made.〔 When the monastic properties passed into lay hands at the Reformation, many appropriations were converted into impropriations, and in 1603 of a total 9284 benefices an estimated 3489 were in the hands of impropriators or lay rectors.〔Dickens, A.G. ''The English Reformation'' Battsford (1999) p.364〕 By custom, they were obliged to maintain the chancel in good repair.〔Blunt, J.H. & Phillimore, Sir Walter G.F. ''The Book of Church Law'' Rivingtons(1885) p=340〕
==Controversy==
Impropriations were deeply controversial because they were a form of simony. Impropriations could be purchased to increase the influence of one's favored interpretation of the Protestant movement. This was problematic because churchgoers had little alternative to the official church and impropriations were used primarily during a religiously formative period in English history when power balance between Protestant (primarily between Established and Puritan) sects was of great moment. It was also criticized because, when used to increase a minister's power, the policy exacerbated the habit of "pluralism," where one minister would serve several churches, usually inadequately.
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