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individualism
Individualism is the moral stance, political philosophy, ideology, or social outlook that emphasizes the moral worth of the individual.〔http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/286303/individualism "Individualism" on Encyclopædia Britannica Online〕〔Ellen Meiksins Wood. ''Mind and Politics: An Approach to the Meaning of Liberal and Socialist Individualism''. University of California Press. 1972. ISBN 0-520-02029-4. Pg. 6〕 Individualists promote the exercise of one's goals and desires and so value independence and self-reliance〔http://www.thefreedictionary.com/individualism "individualism" on The Free Dictionary〕 and advocate that interests of the individual should achieve precedence over the state or a social group,〔 while opposing external interference upon one's own interests by society or institutions such as the government.〔 Individualism is often contrasted with totalitarianism or collectivism.
Individualism makes the individual its focus〔 and so starts "with the fundamental premise that the human individual is of primary importance in the struggle for liberation."〔 Liberalism, existentialism, and anarchism are examples of movements that take the human individual as a central unit of analysis.〔L. Susan Brown. ''The Politics of Individualism: Liberalism, Liberal Feminism, and Anarchism''. BLACK ROSE BOOKS LID. 1993〕 Individualism thus involves "the right of the individual to freedom and self-realization".〔Ellen Meiksins Wood. ''Mind and Politics: An Approach to the Meaning of Liberal and Socialist Individualism''. University of California Press. 1972. ISBN 0-520-02029-4 Pg. 6-7〕
It has also been used as a term denoting "The quality of being an individual; individuality"〔 related to possessing "An individual characteristic; a quirk."〔 Individualism is thus also associated with artistic and bohemian interests and lifestyles where there is a tendency towards self-creation and experimentation as opposed to tradition or popular mass opinions and behaviors〔〔http://www.jstor.org/pss/2570771 Bohemianism: the underworld of Art by George S. Snyderman and William Josephs〕 as so also with humanist philosophical positions and ethics.〔"The leading intellectual trait of the era was the recovery, to a certain degree, of the secular and humane philosophy of Greece and Rome. Another humanist trend which cannot be ignored was the rebirth of individualism, which, developed by Greece and Rome to a remarkable degree, had been suppressed by the rise of a caste system in the later Roman Empire, by the Church and by feudalism in the Middle Ages.("The history guide: Lectures on Modern European Intellectual History" )〕〔"Anthropocentricity and individualism...Humanism and Italian art were similar in giving paramount attention to human experience, both in its everyday immediacy and in its positive or negative extremes...The human-centredness of Renaissance art, moreover, was not just a generalized endorsement of earthly experience. Like the humanists, Italian artists stressed the autonomy and dignity of the individual."("Humanism" on Encyclopædia Britannica )〕
==Etymology==
In the English language, the word "individualism" was first introduced, as a pejorative, by the Owenites in the late 1830s, although it is unclear if they were influenced by Saint-Simonianism or came up with it independently. A more positive use of the term in Britain came to be used with the writings of James Elishama Smith, who was a millenarian and a Christian Israelite. Although an early Owenite socialist, he eventually rejected its collective idea of property, and found in individualism a "universalism" that allowed for the development of the "original genius." Without individualism, Smith argued, individuals cannot amass property to increase one's happiness.〔 William Maccall, another Unitarian preacher, and probably an acquaintance of Smith, came somewhat later, although influenced by John Stuart Mill, Thomas Carlyle, and German Romanticism, to the same positive conclusions, in his 1847 work "Elements of Individualism".
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