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infamia
In ancient Roman culture, ''infamia'' (''in-'', "not," and ''fama'', "reputation") was a loss of legal or social standing. As a technical term of Roman law, ''infamia'' was an official exclusion from the legal protections enjoyed by a Roman citizen, as imposed by a censor or praetor.〔Thomas A.J. McGinn, ''Prostitution, Sexuality and the Law in Ancient Rome'' (Oxford University Press, 1998), p. 65ff.〕 More generally, especially during the Republic and Principate, ''infamia'' was informal damage to one's esteem or reputation. A person who suffered ''infamia'' was an ''infamis'' (plural ''infames'').
''Infamia'' was an "inescapable consequence" for certain professionals, including prostitutes and pimps, entertainers such as actors and dancers, and gladiators. ''Infames'' could not, for instance, provide testimony in a court of law. They were liable to corporal punishment, which was usually reserved for slaves.〔Edwards, "Unspeakable Professions," p. 73.〕 The ''infamia'' of entertainers did not exclude them from socializing among the Roman elite, and entertainers who were "stars", both men and women, sometimes became the lovers of such high-profile figures as the ''dictator'' Sulla and Mark Antony.
A passive homosexual who was "outed" might also be subject to social ''infamia'', though if he was a citizen he might retain his legal standing.〔Amy Richlin, "Not before Homosexuality: The Materiality of the ''cinaedus'' and the Roman Law against Love between Men," ''Journal of the History of Sexuality'' 3.4 (1993), pp. 550–551, 555ff.; Edwards, "Unspeakable Professions," p. 68.〕
The modern Roman Catholic Church has a similar concept of Infamy.
==References==
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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