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Infrastructure refers to the fundamental facilities and systems serving a country, city, or area,〔. (Infrastructure | Define Infrastructure at Dictionary.com )〕 including the services and facilities necessary for its economy to function. It typically characterises technical structures such as roads, bridges, tunnels, water supply, sewers, electrical grids, telecommunications, and so forth, and can be defined as "the physical components of interrelated systems providing commodities and services essential to enable, sustain, or enhance societal living conditions." ==History== (詳細はOnline Etymology Dictionary'',〔Online Etymology Dictionary. Douglas Harper, Historian. http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/infrastructure (accessed: April 24, 2008)〕 the word infrastructure has been used in English since at least 1887 and in French since at least 1875, originally meaning "The installations that form the basis for any operation or system".〔http://www.opendb.net/element/19099.php〕 The word was imported from French, where it means ''subgrade'', the native material underneath a constructed pavement or railway. The word is a combination of the Latin prefix "infra", meaning "below", and "structure". The military use of the term achieved currency in the United States after the formation of NATO in the 1940s, and was then adopted by urban planners in its modern civilian sense by 1970.〔''The Etymology of Infrastructure and the Infrastructure of the Internet'', Stephen Lewis on his blog ''Hag Pak Sak'', posted September 22, 2008. () (accessed: January 17, 2008)〕 The term came to prominence in the United States in the 1980s following the publication of ''America in Ruins'',〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=America in Ruins: The Decaying Infrastructure (Duke Press Policy Studies Paperbacks): Pat Choate, Susan Walter: 9780822305545: Amazon.com: Books )〕 which initiated a public-policy discussion of the nation's "infrastructure crisis", purported to be caused by decades of inadequate investment and poor maintenance of public works. This crisis discussion has contributed to the increase in infrastructure asset management and maintenance planning in the US. That public-policy discussion was hampered by lack of a precise definition for infrastructure. A US National Research Council panel sought to clarify the situation by adopting the term "public works infrastructure", referring to:
In Keynesian economics, the word ''infrastructure'' was exclusively used to describe public assets that facilitate production, but not private assets of the same purpose. In post-Keynesian times, however, the word has grown in popularity. It has been applied with increasing generality to suggest the internal framework discernible in any technology system or business organisation. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「infrastructure」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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