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iniencephaly
Iniencephaly, a term derived from the Greek word "inion" for nape of the neck, is a rare type of cephalic disorder〔Hemal U, Solanki R S, Varsheney A, Baliga S. (Prenatal diagnosis of iniencephaly on ultrasound ). Indian J Radiol Imaging 2004;14:265-6〕 that was first described by Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire in 1836. Those afflicted with the disorder all share 3 common characteristics: a defect to the occipital bone, spina bifida of the cervical vertebrae and retroflexion (backward bending) of the head on the cervical spine.〔Erdinçler, Pamir, Mehmet Y. Kaynar, et al. "Iniencephaly: Neuroradiological and Surgical Features." Journal of Neurosurgery 89.2 (1998): 317-20.〕 Stillbirth is the most common outcome, with a few rare examples of live birth, after which death almost invariably occurs within a short time.
==Classifications==
There are two types of iniencephaly. The more severe group is iniencephaly apertus, involving the development of an encephalocele. In the other group, iniencephaly clausus, the encephalocele is absent.〔
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