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Institutions are "stable, valued, recurring patterns of behavior."〔.〕 As structures or mechanisms of social order, they govern the behaviour of a set of individuals within a given community. Institutions are identified with a social purpose, transcending individuals and intentions by mediating the rules that govern living behavior. The term "institution" commonly applies to a custom or behavior pattern important to a society, and to particular formal organizations of the government and public services. As structures and mechanisms of social order, institutions are a principal object of study in social sciences such as political science, anthropology, economics, and sociology (the latter described by Émile Durkheim as the "science of institutions, their genesis and their functioning").〔Durkheim, Émile () "The Rules of Sociological Method" 8th edition, trans. Sarah A. Solovay and John M. Mueller, ed. George E. G. Catlin (1938, 1964 edition), pp. 45〕 Institutions are also a central concern for law, the formal mechanism for political rule-making and enforcement. ==Examples== * Marriage and the family - sociology of the family * Religion and religious institutions - see sociology of religion; civil religion * Educational institutions - schools (preschool, primary/elementary, secondary, and post-secondary/higher - see Sociology of education) * Research community - academia and universities; research institutes - see sociology of science * Medicine - hospitals and other health care institutions - see sociology of health and illness, medical sociology * * Psychiatric hospitals (history) * Law and legal system - courts; judges; the legal profession (bar) - see jurisprudence, philosophy of law, sociology of law * * Criminal justice or penal systems - prisons - see sociology of punishment * Military or paramilitary forces - see military sociology * Police forces * Mass media - including the news media (television, newspapers) and the popular media - see media studies * Industry - businesses, including corporations - see financial institution, factory, capitalism, division of labour, social class, industrial sociology * Civil society or NGOs - charitable organizations; advocacy groups; political parties; think tanks; virtual communities In an extended context: * Art and culture (See also: culture industry, critical theory, cultural studies, cultural sociology) * Language (See also: linguistics, sociolinguistics, sociology of language) * The nation-state - Social and political scientists often speak of the state as embodying all institutions such as schools, prisons, and so on. However, these institutions may be considered private or autonomous, whilst organised religion and family life certainly pre-date the advent of the nation state. In the Neo-Marxist thought of Antonio Gramsci, for instance, distinguishes between institutions of political society (police, the army, legal system, etc.), which dominates directly and coercively—and civil society (the family, education system, etc.). For example in Schenck v. United States, the circumstance of which made that speech case special * In some circumstances, individuals can be considered institutions if they have created motifs or worldwide phenomena. Examples of this include Stanley Kubrick, Nelson Mandela, and Gandhi. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「institution」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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