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Irony (〔Liddell & Scott, ''A Greek-English Lexicon'', v. sub .〕), in its broadest sense, is a rhetorical device, literary technique, or event in which what appears, on the surface, to be the case, differs radically from what is actually the case. Irony may be divided into categories such as verbal, dramatic, and situational. Verbal, dramatic, and situational irony are often used for emphasis in the assertion of a truth. The ironic form of simile, used in sarcasm, and some forms of litotes can emphasize one's meaning by the deliberate use of language which states the opposite of the truth, denies the contrary of the truth, or drastically and obviously understates a factual connection.〔(Muecke, DC., ''The Compass of Irony'', Routledge, 1969. p. 80 )〕 Other forms, as identified by historian Connop Thirlwall, include dialectic and practical irony.〔 ==Definitions== Henry Watson Fowler, in ''The King's English'', says "any definition of irony—though hundreds might be given, and very few of them would be accepted—must include this, that the surface meaning and the underlying meaning of what is said are not the same." Also, Eric Partridge, in ''Usage and Abusage'', writes that "Irony consists in stating the contrary of what is meant." The use of irony may require the concept of a ''double audience''. Fowler's ''A Dictionary of Modern English Usage'' says: Irony is a form of utterance that postulates a double audience, consisting of one party that hearing shall hear & shall not understand, & another party that, when more is meant than meets the ear, is aware both of that more & of the outsiders' incomprehension.〔Fowler, H. W., A dictionary of modern English usage, 1926.〕 The term is sometimes used as a synonym for ''incongruous'' and applied to "every trivial oddity" in situations where there is no double audience.〔 An example of such usage is: Sullivan, whose real interest was, ironically, serious music, which he composed with varying degrees of success, achieved fame for his comic opera scores rather than for his more earnest efforts.〔Gassner, J., Quinn, E., ''The Reader's Encyclopedia of World Drama'', Courier Dover Publications, 2002, p. 358.〕 The ''American Heritage Dictionary'' secondary meaning for ''irony'': "incongruity between what might be expected and what actually occurs". This sense, however, is not synonymous with "incongruous" but merely a definition of dramatic or situational irony. It is often included in definitions of irony ''not only'' that incongruity is present ''but also'' that the incongruity must reveal some aspect of human vanity or folly. Thus the majority of ''American Heritage Dictionarys usage panel found it unacceptable to use the word ''ironic'' to describe mere unfortunate coincidences or surprising disappointments that "suggest no particular lessons about human vanity or folly."〔Quoted in ''The Free Dictionary'' under ''ironic'': http://www.thefreedictionary.com/ironic.〕 On this aspect, the Oxford English Dictionary (OED) has also: A condition of affairs or events of a character opposite to what was, or might naturally be, expected; a contradictory outcome of events as if in mockery of the promise and fitness of things. (In French ''ironie du sort''.)〔Oxford English Dictionary, second entry for ''irony''〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「irony」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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