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‘Iṣmah or ‘Isma ((アラビア語:عِصْمَة); literally, "protection") is the concept of "impeccability," "immunity from sin", or "infallibility" in Islamic theology, and which is especially prominent in Shia Islam. In Shia theology, ''Ismah'' is characeristic of Prophets, Imams, and angels. When attributed to human beings, Ismah means "the ability of avoiding acts of disobedience, in spite of having the power to commit them",〔 as with Prophets and Imams. Along with a pure constitution, excellent qualities, firmness against opponents, and tranquility (''as-Sakinah''), Ismah is a Divine grace bestowed by God. An infallible ((アラビア語:معصوم) ''ma`sūm'') is someone who is free from error in leading people to belief, in perceiving divine knowledge, and in practical matters. Prophets must be immune from all errors and sins in order to perform their mission of upholding and promoting the divine religion, interpreting the Qur'an, and establishing a wholesome social system. The Qur'an's verse of purification implies that God purifies only the ''Ahl al-Bayt'' from any kind of sin, error, and defilement in their creation. Both Shia and Sunni hadith state that ''Ahl al-Bayt'' refers only to the People of the Cloak and does not include the wives of the Islamic prophet Muhammad.〔 According to Twelver Shia, The Fourteen Infallibles ((アラビア語:معصومون) ''Ma‘ṣūmūn'') "divinely bestowed free from error and sin" include Muhammad, his daughter Fatimah, and the Twelve Imams. Ismaili also attribute Ismah to Ismaili Imāms and Fatima Zahra, daughter of Muhammad, while Zaidi do not attribute the quality to the Zaidi Imams. The doctrine of Ismah has been rejected by some non-Shia Muslims, such as the Kharijites who cited chapter (48: 2 ) of the holy Qur'an as evidence for the rejection. Sunnis interpret Ismah to mean that prophets are immune from telling lies (intentionally or unintentionally), of being Kafir (infidel) before or after their assignment, and of being unable to commit other sins intentionally. In other aspects, opinions diverge. Most Sunnis believe that it is possible for the prophets to unintentionally commit sin, while the minority believe that it is not. The purity of Ahl al-Bayt—the family of the Prophet Muhammad—is manifested by the verse of purification in the Qur'an. The development of Shi'ite theology in the period between the death of Muhammad and the disappearance of the Twelfth Imam extends this concept of purity and originates the concept of Ismah. Neither the term nor the concept of Ismah is in the Qur'an or in canonical Sunni hadith. The concept of the immunity from sin (ma'sum) of the Imams, the Imamiyyah, perhaps began in the first half of the second century AH.〔 Shia scholars of the fourth and the fifth centuries AH extended the infallibility of the Prophet Muḥammad and the Twelve Imams until the doctrine came to mean that they could not have committed any sin or inadvertent error, either before or after they assumed office.〔 ==Etymology== According to Edward Lane, the root of Ismah is ''`asama'' ((アラビア語:عَصَمَ)), which means ''protected'' or ''defended''; and thus Ismah means ''prevention'' or ''protection''. Ismah is translated by (de:) A. J. Wensinck as ''impeccability'', by William M. Miller as ''immunity to sin'', and by W. Ivanow as ''infallibility''.〔 Shia's fourth Imam, Zayn al-Abidin, regarded Ismah as "a quality which enables a man to seize firmly to the Qur'an". Al-Abidin said that the Qur'an and the Fourteen Infallibles will not be separated from each other until the Day of Judgment, and that each one of them guides the other. He cites the Qur'an (17: 9 ) to support his claim. To Al-Raghib al-Isfahani and Murtada al-Zabidi,〔 Ismah is God's preservation of the infallibles, accomplished in stages. The first stage is to bestow on infallibles a robust constitution, followed by excellent qualities, then a firm will against opponents and enemies, followed by the sending of tranquility (''as-Sakina'') down upon them, and by the preparation of their hearts and minds〔 to accept truth. The final stage is endowing the infallibles with "the ability to avoid acts of disobedience in spite of having the power to disobey".〔 Tabatabaei claims that Ismah is the presence of a quality in man which protects him from error. Ismah also involves perfection of intellect and the lack of deficiency in knowledge. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「ismah」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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