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Jahannam ((アラビア語:جهنم) (etymologically related to Hebrew ''Gehennom'' and Greek: γέεννα), is one of the names for the Islamic concept of Hell. Other names for hell (or the different gates of hell) occurring in the Quran include: ''al-Nar'' ("The Fire"〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://islamic-dictionary.tumblr.com/post/4725662151/an-nar-arabic-literally-means-fire-but )〕), ''Jaheem'' ("Blazing Fire"), ''Hatamah'' ("That which Breaks to Pieces"), ''Haawiyah'' ("The Abyss"), ''Ladthaa'' , ''Sa’eer'' ("The Blaze"), ''Saqar'' .〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.islamreligion.com/articles/344/ )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.islamcan.com/hell-jahannam/the-names-of-hell-fire.shtml#.VJn1ofCOQ )〕 The hadith of Islamic prophet Muhammad, and some writings of later Islamic scholars also describe Jahannam. According to the Qur'an, on the Last Day〔Last Day is also called the Day of Standing Up, Day of Separation, Day of Reckoning, Day of Awakening, Day of Judgment, The Encompassing Day or The Hour (source: (Islamic Beliefs about the Afterlife ))〕 the world will be destroyed and all people and ''jinn'' will be raised from the dead to be judged by Allah as to whether they deserved to be sent to paradise (''Jannah'') or hell.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.religionfacts.com/islam/beliefs/afterlife.htm )〕 Hell will be occupied by those who do not believe in God (Tawhid), have disobeyed His laws, and/or reject His messengers.〔 One group that will not have to wait until the Last Day to enter hell are "Enemies of Islam", who are sentenced immediately to Hell upon death.〔 Suffering in hell is both physical and spiritual,〔〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.islamcan.com/hell-jahannam/examples-of-punishments.shtml#.VJn2NfCOQ )〕 and varies according to the sins of the condemned.〔 As described in the Quran, Hell has seven levels (each one more severe than the one above it〔); seven gates (each for a specific group of sinners); a blazing fire, boiling water, and the Tree of ''Zaqqum''.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://islam.about.com/od/heavenhell/tp/Hell-In-The-Quran.htm )〕 Not all Muslims and scholars agree whether hell is an eternal destination or whether some or even all of the condemned will eventually be forgiven and allowed to enter paradise.〔 ==Sources== Most of how Muslims picture and think about Jahannam comes from the Qur'an, according to scholar Einar Thomassen, who found nearly 500 references to Jahannam/hell (using a variety of names) in the Qur'an. The Hadiths (the corpus of the reports of the teachings, deeds and sayings of the Islamic prophet Muhammad) introduce punishments, reasons and revelations not mentioned in the Quran. In both Quranic verses and hadiths, "the Fire" (Jahannam) is "a gruesome place of punishment that is always contrasted with Jannah, "the Garden" (paradise). Whatever characteristic "the Garden offered, the Fire usually offered the opposite conditions."〔Rustomji, ''The Garden and the Fire'', 2009: p.117-8〕 Several hadith describes a part of hell that is extremely cold rather than hot, known as Zamhareer.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.subulassalaam.com/articles/article.cfm?article_id=111#.VK2z58lggXg )〕 ;Eschatological manuals In addition to the Quran and hadith are "Eschatological manuals". These were written after the other two sources and developed descriptions of Jahannam "in more deliberate ways". While the Quran and hadith tend to describe punishments that unbelievers are forced to give themselves, the manuals illustrate external and more dramatic punishment, through demons, scorpions, and snakes.〔 Manuals dedicated solely to the subject of Jahannam include Ibn Abi al-Dunya's ''Sifat al-nar'', and al-Maqdisi's ''Dhikr al-nar''. Other manuals—such as texts by al-Ghazali, the influential Muslim theologian of the 9th century, and 12th century scholar Qadi Ayyad -- "dramatise life in the Fire", and present "new punishments, different types of sinners, and the appearance of a multitude of demons," to exhort the faithful to piety.〔 His hell has a structure with a specific place for each type of sinners. Al Ghazali, in his book ''The Remembrance of Death and the Afterlife'', describes and discusses the "wrongdoer" and graphic, sometimes violent scenes of Jahannam. Like al-Ghazali, the thirteenth-century Muslim scholar Al-Qurtubi describes hell as a gigantic sentient being, rather than a place. In ''Paradise and Hell-fire in Imam al Qurtubi'', Qurtubi writes, "On the Day of Judgment, hell will be brought with seventy thousand reins. A single rein will be held by seventy thousand angels…" In ''The Soul’s Journey After Death'', Ibn Qayyim Al-Jawziyya, a theologian in the 14th century, writes explicitly of punishments faced by sinners and unbelievers in Jahannam. These are directly related to the wrongdoer’s earthly transgressions. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「jahannam」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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