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jauhar
Jauhar (also spelled ''jowhar'') is the self-immolation of queens and female royals of the Rajput kingdoms, when facing defeat at the hands of an enemy. The roots of this practice lie in the internecine warfare among different Rajput clans.〔Ashis Nandy, "Sati as Profit versus Sati as Spectacle: The Public Debate on Roop Kanwar's Death," in Hawley, Sati the Blessing and the Curse: The Burning of Wives in India〕 The most famous Jauhars in recorded history have occurred at the end of Rajput battles with Muslim empires.〔Pratibha Jain, Saṅgītā Śarmā, Honour, status & polity〕 It was followed by females and children of the Rajput clans in order to avoid capture, enslavement and rape at the hands of invaders. The term also describes the practice of mass suicide carried out in medieval times by Rajput women to save their honor from invaders. The term is derived from two Sanskrit words, ''Jau or Jiv'' meaning "life" and ''Har'' meaning "to take" added together means to take one's own life. ''Jivhar'' was later conflated with the Arabic word ''Jawhar'' meaning "mettle", "jewel" or "property".
During the Jauhar, which was said to take place during the night, Brahmin priests would chant Vedic mantras, and the Rajput women, wearing their wedding dresses, would commit suicide with their children via self-immolation. On the morning after the Jauhar, the men would carry out the Saka; after taking a bath, the men would wear saffron clothes, smear the ashes of their wives and children on their foreheads, and put a tulsi leaf in their mouths. Then, they would sally out either to annihilate their enemies or to be annihilated by them. It has been claimed that the Jauhar and Saka were never carried out when the Rajputs were at war with other Hindus, such as the Marathas, as the defeated could expect to be treated with dignity. It has also been claimed that on several occasions, the Rajputs sued for peace, and the Mughals agreed to their terms. When the Rajputs, their wives and children came to surrender, however, they were slaughtered by the Mughals. This treachery and deceit may have been the reason for the Jauhar and Saka to be established by the Rajputs.
== Practice ==
This practice is culturally related to ''sati,'' although it occurs at a different occasion.〔 While both practices have been most common historically in the territory of modern Rajasthan, sati was a custom performed by widowed women only, while Jauhar and saka were committed while both the partners were living and only at a time of war.
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