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Jihad (; (アラビア語:جهاد) ' (:dʒiˈhæːd)) is an Islamic term referring to the religious duty of Muslims to maintain the religion. In Arabic, the word ''jihād'' is a noun meaning "to strive, to apply oneself, to struggle, to persevere". A person engaged in jihad is called a ''mujahid'', the plural of which is ''mujahideen'' (مجاهدين). The word ''jihad'' appears frequently in the Quran,〔Ahmed Al-Dawoody (2011), ''The Islamic Law of War: Justifications and Regulations'', p.56. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 9780230111608. Quote: "Seventeen derivatives of jihād occur altogether forty-one times in eleven Meccan texts and thirty Medinan ones, with the following five meanings: striving because of religious belief (21), war (12), non-Muslim parents exerting pressure, that is, jihād, to make their children abandon Islam (2), solemn oaths (5), and physical strength (1)."〕 often in the idiomatic expression "striving in the way of God ''(al-jihad fi sabil Allah)''", to refer to the act of striving to serve the purposes of God on this earth.〔〔, ''Jihad'', p. 571.〕〔, ''Jihad'', p. 419.〕 Muslims and scholars do not all agree on its definition. Many observers—both Muslim〔(Jihad and the Islamic Law of War ) 〕 and non-Muslim〔Rudolph Peters, ''Islam and Colonialism. The doctrine of Jihad in Modern History'' (Mouton Publishers, 1979), p. 118〕—as well as the ''Dictionary of Islam'',〔 talk of jihad having two meanings: an inner spiritual struggle (the "greater jihad"), and an outer physical struggle against the enemies of Islam (the "lesser jihad")〔〔(【引用サイトリンク】title= Jihad )〕 which may take a violent or non-violent form.〔〔DeLong-Bas (2010), p. 3〕 Jihad is often translated as "Holy War",〔cf., e.g., BBC news article (Libya's Gaddafi urges 'holy war' against Switzerland )〕〔Rudolph Peters, ''Jihad in Medieval and Modern Islam'' (Brill, 1977), p. 3〕 although this term is controversial.〔Patricia Crone, ''Medieval Islamic Political Thought'' (Edinburgh University Press, 2005), p. 363〕〔Khaled Abou El Fadl stresses that the Islamic theological tradition did not have a notion of "Holy war" (in Arabic ''al-harb al-muqaddasa''), which is not an expression used by the Quranic text or Muslim theologians. In Islamic theology, war is never holy; it is either justified or not. He further states that the Quran does not use the word jihad to refer to warfare or fighting; such acts are referred to as ''qital''. (source:〕 According to orientalist Bernard Lewis, "the overwhelming majority of classical theologians, jurists", and specialists in the hadith "understood the obligation of jihad in a military sense."〔Bernard Lewis, ''(The Political Language of Islam )'' (University of Chicago Press, 1988), p. 72. Cf. William M. Watt, ''Islamic Conceptions of the Holy War'' in: Thomas P. Murphy, ''The Holy War'' (Ohio State University Press, 1974), p. 143〕 Javed Ahmad Ghamidi states that there is consensus among Islamic scholars that the concept of jihad will always include armed struggle against wrong doers. It was generally supposed that the order for a general war could only be given by the Caliph (an office that was claimed by the Ottoman sultans), but Muslims who did not acknowledge the spiritual authority of the Caliphate (which has been vacant since 1923)—such as non-Sunnis and non-Ottoman Muslim states—always looked to their own rulers for the proclamation of a jihad. There has been in fact no universal warfare by Muslims on non-believers since the early caliphate. Some proclaimed jihad by claiming themselves as mahdi, e.g. the Sudanese Mahommed Ahmad in 1882.〔"(Sudan: The Mahdiyah, 1884–98 )". US Library of Congress, A Country Study.〕 In classical Islam, the military form of jihad was also regulated to protect civilians.〔Ahmed Al-Dawood 2013: Armed Jihad in the Islamic Legal Tradition. Religion Compass Volume 7, Issue 11, pages 476–484, November 2013 http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/rec3.12071/abstract〕 Jihad is an important religious duty for Muslims. A minority among the Sunni scholars sometimes refer to this duty as the sixth pillar of Islam, though it occupies no such official status.〔John Esposito (2005), ''Islam: The Straight Path,'' p. 93.〕 In Twelver Shi'a Islam, however, jihad is one of the ten Practices of the Religion.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.al-islam.org/invitation-to-islam-moustafa-al-qazwini/part-2-islamic-practices )〕 ==Origins== (詳細はModern Standard Arabic, the term ''jihad'' is used for a struggle for causes, both religious and secular. The Hans Wehr ''Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic'' defines the term as "fight, battle; jihad, holy war (against the infidels, as a religious duty)". Nonetheless, it is usually used in the religious sense and its beginnings are traced back to the Qur'an and words and actions of Muhammad.〔Rudolph Peters, Jihād (''The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World''); (Oxfordislamicstudies. ). Retrieved February 17, 2008.〕〔Jonathon P. Berkey, ''The Formation of Islam''; Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, 2003〕 In the Qur'an and in later Muslim usage, jihad is commonly followed by the expression ''fi sabil illah'', "in the path of God."〔For a listing of all appearances in the Qur'an of jihad and related words, see Muhammad Fu'ad 'Abd al-Baqi, Al-Mu'jam al-Mufahras li-Alfaz al-Qur'an al-Karim (Cairo: Matabi' ash-Sha'b, 1278), pp. 182–83; and Hanna E. Kassis, A Concordance of the Qur'an (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1983), pp. 587–88.〕 It is sometimes used without religious connotation, with a meaning similar to the English word "crusade" (as in "a crusade against drugs").〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e1199 )〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「jihad」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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