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A joik (also spelled yoik), luohti, vuolle, leu'dd, or juoiggus is a traditional Sami form of song. Originally, ''joik'' referred to only one of several Sami singing styles, but in English the word is often used to refer to all types of traditional Sami singing. As joik originats from the Sami culture which is not a text based culture, there are no references to how and where joik originated. In the oral tradition legend tells that it was the faires and elfs of the arctic land that gave yoiks to the Sámi People. Just Quigstad who recorded the Sami oral tradition has documented that in several works. According to music researchers, joik is one of the longest living music traditions in Europe, and is the folk music of the Sami people.〔 The sound of joik is comparable to the traditional chanting of some Native American cultures,〔(Wimme Saari ) Shamanistic chant meets modern electronics 〕 but non-verbal singing as such is by no means limited to these cultures. With the Christianization of the Sami, joiking was condemned as sinful. The Norwegianization assimilation policy and the church and ecclesiastical movement's views on joiking as sin have played important roles in the devaluation. In the 1950s, it was forbidden to use joiking in school in Sami areas, and one of the reasons that joiking was controversial may be its association with ''noaidi'' and pre-Christian mythology rituals. Meanwhile, joiking was strongly rooted in culture and tradition was maintained. Today joiking is still alive and is also used as a source of inspiration and an element in contemporary Sami music. == Personal and evocative nature == The joik is a unique form of cultural expression for the Sami people in Sápmi.〔(Yoik of the Wind ) Shamanistic chant meets modern electronics 〕 This type of song can be deeply personal or spiritual in nature, often dedicated to a human being, an animal, or a landscape as a personal signature.〔(Tradisjonell klassisk joik - Traditional Classical Sami Yoik - Arbevirolas Luohti ) 〕 Improvisation is not unusual. Each joik is meant to reflect a person or place. The Sami verb for presenting a joik (e.g. Northern Sami ''juoigat'') is a transitive verb, which is often interpreted as indicating that a joik is not a song about the person or place, but that the joiker is attempting to evoke or depict that person or place through song - one joiks one's friend, not about one's friend (similarly to how one doesn't paint or depict ''about'' a flower, but depicts the flower itself). 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「joik」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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