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Journalism is gathering, processing, and dissemination of news, and information related to news, to an audience. The word applies to the method of inquiring for news, the literary style which is used to disseminate it, and the activity (professional or not) of journalism. 〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.americanpressinstitute.org/journalism-essentials/what-is-journalism/ )〕 The media that journalism uses vary diversely and include: content published via newspapers and magazines (print), television and radio (broadcast), and their digital media versions — news websites and applications. In modern society, the news media is the chief purveyor of information and opinion about public affairs. Journalism, however, is not always confined to the news media or to news itself, as journalistic communication may find its way into broader forms of expression, including literature and cinema. In some nations, the news media is controlled by government intervention, and is not a fully independent body.〔"(10 Most Censored Countries )," Committee to Protect Journalists, 2 May 2012, page retrieved 23 May 2013.〕 In a democratic society, however, access to free information plays a central role in creating a system of checks and balance, and in distributing power equally amongst governments, businesses, individuals, and other social entities. Access to verifiable information gathered by independent media sources, which adhere to journalistic standards, can also be of service to ordinary citizens, by empowering them with the tools they need in order to participate in the political process. The role and status of journalism, along with that of the mass media, has undergone profound changes over the last two decades with the advent of digital technology and publication of news on the Internet.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=News values: immediacy and technology )〕 This has created a shift in the consumption of print media channels, as people increasingly consume news through e-readers, smartphones, and other electronic devices, challenging news organizations to fully monetize their digital wing, as well as improvise on the context in which they publish news in print. Notably, in the American media landscape, newsrooms have reduced their staff and coverage as traditional media channels, such as television, grapple with declining audiences. For instance, between 2007 and 2012, CNN edited its story packages into nearly half of their original time length.〔"(The State of the News Media 2013: An Annual Report in American Journalism )," the Pew Research Center's Project for Excellence in Journalism, 2 May 2012. Page retrieved 23 May 2013.〕 This compactness in coverage has been linked to broad audience attrition, as a large majority of respondents in recent studies show changing preferences in news consumption.〔"(The State of the News Media 2013: An Annual Report in American Journalism published by the Pew Research Center's Project for Excellence in Journalism )," the Pew Research Center’s Project for Excellence in Journalism, 2 May 2012. Page retrieved 23 May 2013.〕 The digital era has also ushered in a new kind of journalism in which ordinary citizens play a greater role in the process of news making, with the rise of citizen journalism being possible through the Internet. Using video camera equipped smartphones, active citizens are now enabled to record footage of news events and upload them onto channels like YouTube, which is often discovered and used by mainstream news media outlets. Meanwhile, easy access to news from a variety of online sources, like blogs and other social media, has resulted in readers being able to pick from a wider choice of official and unofficial sources, instead of only from traditional media organizations. ==Forms== (詳細はfourth estate", acting as a watchdog on the workings of the government. Other forms of journalism feature in different formats and cater to different audiences. Some forms include: : * Advocacy journalism – writing to advocate particular viewpoints or influence the opinions of the audience. : * Broadcast journalism – written or spoken journalism for radio or television. : * Drone journalism – use of drones to capture journalistic footage. : * Gonzo journalism – first championed by Hunter S. Thompson, gonzo journalism is a "highly personal style of reporting".〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1069436/gonzo-journalism )〕 : * Investigative journalism: the use of investigation on a subject matter while uncovering news events. : * Photojournalism: the telling of a story through its images. : * Sensor journalism: the use of sensors to support journalistic inquiry. : * Tabloid journalism – writing that is light-hearted and entertaining. : * Yellow journalism (or sensationalism) – writing which emphasises exaggerated claims or rumours. The recent rise of social media has resulted in arguments to reconsider journalism as a process rather than attributing it to particular news products. From this perspective, journalism is participatory, a process distributed among multiple authors and involving journalists as well as the socially mediating public. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「journalism」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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