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junker
Junker ((ドイツ語:Junker), (オランダ語:Jonkheer), Scandinavian: ''Junker'') is a noble honorific, derived from Middle High German ''Juncherre'', meaning "young nobleman"〔Duden; Meaning of Junker, in German. ()〕 or otherwise "young lord" (derivation of ''jung'' and ''Herr''). The term is traditionally used throughout the German-speaking, Dutch-speaking and Scandinavian-speaking parts of Europe.
==Honorific title==
In Brandenburg Junker was originally the members of the higher ''edelfrei'' (immediate) nobility without or before the accolade. It evolved to a general denotation of a young or lesser noble, sometimes poor and politically insignificant , understood as "country squire".〔William W. Hagen, ''Ordinary Prussians: Brandenburg Junkers and Villagers, 1500-1840'' (2002).〕
Martin Luther disguised himself as "Junker Jörg" at the Wartburg; he would later mock King Henry VIII of England as "Juncker Heintz"〔Henry VIII: September 1540, 26-30', Letters and Papers, Foreign and Domestic, Henry VIII, Volume 16: 1540-1541 (1898), p. 51. URL: http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=76214 Date accessed: 10 June 2012〕).
As part of the nobility, many Junker families only had prepositions such as ''von'' or ''zu'' before their family names without further ranks. The abbreviation of Junker was Jkr., most often placed before the given name and titles, for example: Jkr. Heinrich von Hohenberg. The female equivalent ''Junkfrau'' (Jkfr.) was used only sporadically. In some cases, the honorific Jkr. was also used for ''Freiherren'' (Barons) and ''Grafen'' (Counts).〔Rosenberg, 1943〕
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