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''Kaiser'' is the German word for "emperor". Like the Bulgarian, Serbian and Russian Czar it is directly derived from the Roman emperors' title of Caesar, which in turn is derived from the personal name of a branch of the ''gens'' (clan) ''Julia'', to which Gaius Julius Caesar, the forebear of the first imperial family, belonged. Although the British monarchs styled "Emperor of India" were also called "Kaisar-i-Hind" in Hindi and Urdu, this word, although ultimately sharing the same Latin origin, is derived from the (''kaisar''), not the German ''Kaiser''.〔Witzel, M. ("Autochthonous Aryans? The Evidence from Old Indian and Iranian Texts" ), p. 29, 12.1 (as Urdu ''kaisar'').〕 In English, the term 'the Kaiser' is usually reserved for the emperors of the German Empire and the emperors of the Austrian Empire. During the First World War, the term ''the Kaiser''—especially as applied to Wilhelm II of Germany—gained considerable knowledge in English-speaking countries. == German history and antecedents of the title == The Holy Roman Emperors (962–1806) called themselves ''Kaiser'', combining the imperial title with that of Roman King (assumed by the designated heir before the imperial coronation); they saw their rule as a continuation of that of the Roman Emperors and used the title derived from the title ''Caesar'' to reflect their supposed heritage. The rulers of the Empire of Austria (1804–1918) were drawn from the Habsburg dynasty, who, after 1438, provided most of Holy Roman Emperors. The Austrian rulers adopted the title ''Kaiser''. There were only four Kaisers of the Austrian Empire, and they have all belonged to the Habsburg dynasty. In 1871, there was much debate about the exact title for the monarch of those German territories (such as free imperial cities, principalities, duchies, and kingdoms) that agreed to unify under the leadership of Prussia, thereby forming the German Empire. ''Deutscher Kaiser'' ("German Emperor") was chosen over alternatives such as ''Kaiser von Deutschland'' ("Emperor of Germany"), or ''Kaiser der Deutschen'' ("Emperor of the Germans"), as the chosen title simply connoted that the new emperor, hearkening from Prussia, was a German, but did not imply that this new emperor had dominion over all German territories. There were only three Kaisers of the (second) German Empire. All of them belonged to the Hohenzollern dynasty, which, as kings of Prussia, had been de facto leaders of lesser Germany. In English the (untranslated) word ''Kaiser'' is mainly associated with the emperors of the unified German Empire (1871–1918), in particular with Kaiser Wilhelm II. In 1806 the Holy Roman Empire was dissolved, but the title of Kaiser was retained by the House of Habsburg, the head of which, beginning in 1804, bore the title of Emperor (Kaiser) of Austria.〔 The Kaisers of the Austrian Empire (1804–1918): *Franz I (1804–1835) *Ferdinand I (1835–1848) *Franz Joseph I (1848–1916) *Karl I (1916–1918) The Kaisers of the German Empire (1871–1918) were: * Wilhelm I (1871–1888); * Friedrich III (9 March-15 June 1888), who ruled for 99 days; * Wilhelm II (1888–1918), during whose reign the monarchy in Germany ended near the end of World War I. Georg Friedrich Ferdinand, Prince of Prussia, is currently head of the House of Hohenzollern, which was the former ruling dynasty of the German Empire and the Kingdom of Prussia. Karl von Habsburg is currently the head of the House of Habsburg. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「kaiser」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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