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are hair ornaments used in traditional Japanese hairstyles. Some models may have been modified for self-defense. In the English-speaking world, the term "kanzashi" is sometimes applied to the folded cloth flowers that traditionally adorned ''tsumami kanzashi'' or to the technique used to make those flowers. ==History== Kanzashi were first used in Japan during the Jōmon period. During that time, a single thin rod or stick was considered to have mystical powers which could ward off evil spirits, so people would wear them in their hair. This is also when some of the first predecessors of the modern Japanese hair comb began to appear. During the Nara period, a variety of Chinese cultural aspects and items were brought to Japan, including ''zan'' (written with the same Chinese character as ''kanzashi'') and other hair ornaments. During the Heian period, the traditional style of putting hair up was changed to wearing it long, tied back low. It was at this time that ''kanzashi'' began to be used as a general term for any hair ornament, including combs and hairpins. During the Azuchi-Momoyama period, the hairstyles changed from the , or long straight hair, to the wider variety of which make more use of hair ornaments. Kanzashi came into wide use during the Edo period, when hairstyles became larger and more complicated, using a larger number of ornaments. Artisans began to produce more finely crafted products, including some hair ornaments that could be used as defensive weapons. During the latter part of the Edo period, the craftsmanship of kanzashi reached a high point, with many styles and designs being created (see Types of kanzashi, below). Nowadays, kanzashi are most often worn by brides; by professional kimono wearers such as geisha, tayū and yujo; or by adepts in Japanese tea ceremony and ikebana. However, there is currently a revival among young Japanese women who wish to add an elegant touch to their business suit. There are many varieties and many styles of wearing kanzashi. The way a geisha wears her kanzashi indicates her status immediately to an informed audience according to the type and location of the kanzashi. Maiko (apprentice geisha) usually wear more numerous and elaborate kanzashi than older geisha and progress through several hairstyles where the kanzashi must be worn in a fixed pattern. ''Tsumami kanzashi'' has been officially designated as a traditional Japanese handcraft in the Tokyo region since 1982.〔("Tokyo's Traditional Craft Associations". Retrieved on 14 February 2012. )〕 Traditionally trained professional artisans typically undergo five to ten years of apprenticeship; from 2002 to 2010, their estimated number in the country decreased from fifteen to five.〔Nakata Hiroko. ("MUSEUM MUSINGS: Craftsmen keep alive hair ornaments that were all the rage in Edo Period" ), ''The Japan Times'', 27 April 2002, retrieved 14 February 2012.〕〔("Photos: The traditional decorative touch" ), ''The Mainichi Daily News'', 10 July 2010, retrieved 14 February 2012.〕 However, the petal-folding technique has become a popular hobby, due to instructional books, kits, and lessons from sources such as the Tsumami Kanzashi Museum in Shinjuku. Some students have bypassed the traditional apprenticeship system to establish themselves as independent professional artisans of ''tsumami kanzashi'' in Japan.〔"Ryoko"; English translation by Kevin Mcgue. ("Yonuko’s Beautiful Hair Pins: Make New From Old" ). ''PingMag'', 12 June 2008, retrieved 15 February 2012.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「kanzashi」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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