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Kapa is a fabric made by Native Hawaiians from the bast fibres of certain species of trees and shrubs in the orders Rosales and Malvales. It is similar to ''tapa'' found elsewhere in Polynesia, but differs in the methods used in its creation. Kapa is based primarily on the creative combination of linear elements that cross and converge to form squares, triangles, chevrons, and diagonal forms, giving a feeling of boldness and directness.〔Kaeppler, Adrienne L., ''Kapa: Hawaiian Bark Cloth,'' Honolulu, Boom Books, 1980, p. 1〕 (The Hawaiian phoneme corresponds to Polynesian .) Kapa was used primarily for clothing like the ''malo'' worn by men as a loincloth and the ''pāū'' worn by women as a wraparound. Kapa was also used for ''kīhei'' used over the shoulders. Other uses for kapa depended on caste and a person's place in ancient Hawaiian society. ''Kapa moe'' (bed covers) were reserved for the ''alii'' or chiefly caste, while kapa robes were used by ''kāhuna'' or priestly caste. Kapa was also used as banners where leis were hung from it and images of their gods were printed on it.〔Ralph Simpson Kuykendall, ''The Hawaiian Kingdom: Volume 1'' (University of Hawaii Press, 1938), 8〕 Cultural anthropologists over the course of the 20th century identified techniques in the creation of kapa that are unique to the Hawaiian Islands. ''Wauke'' (''Broussonetia papyrifera'') was the preferred source of bast fibres for kapa, but it was also made from ''ulu'' (''Artocarpus altilis''), ''ōpuhe'' (''Urera'' spp.), ''maaloa'' (''Neraudia melastomifolia''), ''māmaki'' (''Pipturus albidus''), ''ākala'' (''Rubus hawaiensis''), ''ākalakala'' (''R. macraei''), and ''hau'' (''Hibiscus tiliaceus''). In the 18th century, pieces of kapa were often made of grooving or ribing. It is done by pushing the dampened cloth into the grooves of a special board.〔Kaeppler, Adienne L, ''Kapa: Hawaiian Bark Cloth,'' Honolulu, Boom Books, 1980, p. 4〕 The ''wauke'' tree is cut and soaked in water. It is then laid on a ''kua kūkū'' (polished stone tablet) and beaten with a ''hōhoa'' (rounded beater). After the first phase of beating, the kapa is transferred to a sacred house to be beaten a second time, but in a religious manner. Each kapa manufacturer used an ''ie kūkū'', a beater with four flat sides that were each carved differently. Another way to carve the kapa is by starting on the four-sided affairs, with the coarsest grooves on one side used first in breaking down the bast, or wet bark. Then, the beating continued using two sides with finer grooves. Lastly, finishing touches were accomplished with the remaining smooth side of the beater.〔The History and Craft Behind Hawaiian Kapa Cloth (), Kapa, Coffee Times, retrieved on 2010-11-09.〕 The carvings left an impression in the cloth that was hers alone. After the European discovery of the Hawaiian Islands, Western traders travelled to Hawaii especially for kapa. The process of making kapa was done primarily by women. Young girls would learn by helping their mothers, over time doing the majority of the work, and when older could make kapa by themselves.〔Betty Dunford, Lilinoe Andrews, Mikiala Ayau, Liana I. Honda, Julie Stewart Williams, ''The Hawaiian of Old'' (The Bess Press Inc., 2002), p. 48〕 ==Images== Image:Hawaiian kapa, 18th century, Cook-Foster Collection at Georg-August University in Göttingen, Germany.jpg|Hawaiian kapa, 18th century, Cook-Foster Collection at Georg-August University in Göttingen, Germany 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「kapa」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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