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Karma ((サンスクリット:कर्म); ; (パーリ語:kamma)) means action, work or deed;〔See: * Encyclopedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 15, New York, pp 679-680, Article on Karma; Quote - "Karma meaning deed or action; in addition, it also has philosophical and technical meaning, denoting a person's deeds as determining his future lot." * The Encyclopedia of World Religions, Robert Ellwood & Gregory Alles, ISBN 978-0-8160-6141-9, pp 253; Quote - "Karma: Sanskrit word meaning action and the consequences of action." * Hans Torwesten (1994), Vedanta: Heart of Hinduism, ISBN 978-0802132628, Grove Press New York, pp 97; Quote - "In the Vedas the word karma (work, deed or action, and its resulting effect) referred mainly to..."〕 it also refers to the spiritual principle of cause and effect where intent and actions of an individual (cause) influence the future of that individual (effect).〔(Karma ) Encyclopedia Britannica (2012)〕 Good intent and good deed contribute to good karma and future happiness, while bad intent and bad deed contribute to bad karma and future suffering.〔〔Lawrence C. Becker & Charlotte B. Becker, Encyclopedia of Ethics, 2nd Edition, ISBN 0-415-93672-1, Hindu Ethics, pp 678〕 Karma is closely associated with the idea of rebirth in many schools of Asian religions.〔 In these schools, karma in the present affects one's future in the current life, as well as the nature and quality of future lives - or, one's saṃsāra.〔 With origins in ancient India, it is a key concept in Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, Sikhism, and Taoism.〔Eva Wong, Taoism, Shambhala Publications, ISBN 978-1590308820, pp. 193〕 ==Etymology== Karma as a neuter ''n''-stem, nominative ' from the root ' , means "to do, make, perform, accomplish, cause, effect, prepare, undertake".〔see: * (kṛ,कृ ) Monier Monier-Williams, (Monier Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary (2008 revision) ), pp 300-301; * Carl Cappeller (1999), Monier-Williams: A Sanskrit-English Dictionary, Etymological and Philologically Arranged with Special Reference to Cognate Indo-European Languages, Asian Educational Services, ISBN 978-8120603691〕〔Mulla & Krishnan (2009), Do Karma-Yogis Make Better Leaders? Exploring the Relationship between the Leader's Karma-Yoga and Transformational Leadership, Journal of Human Values, 15(2), pp 167-183〕 The root ''kṛ'' (kri) is very common in ancient Sanskrit literature, and it is relied upon to explain ideas in Rigveda, other Vedas, Upanishads, Puranas, the Epics of Hinduism.〔〔See Rigveda 9.69.5, 10.159.4, 10.95.2, Svetâsvatara Upanishad 2.7.v.1, Mahabharata 1.5141, etc.〕 The root "kri" also appears in the word Sanskrit, to imply a language that is "well made". The word ''Kárman'' itself appears in Rigveda, for example at 10.22.8;〔Erdosy, G. (1989), Ethnicity in the Rigveda and its Bearing on the Question of Indo-European Origins, South Asian Studies, 5(1), pp 35-47〕 as does the word ''karma''.〔John Bowker (1997), The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions, ISBN 978-0192800947, Oxford University Press, See entry on Karma〕 Karma is related to verbal proto-Indo-European root *kwer- "to make, form".〔John Algeo and Thomas Pyles (2010), The Origins and Development of the English Language, 6th Edition, ISBN 978-1428231450, pp 54-55〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「karma」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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