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kashag
The Kashag (; ) was the governing council of Tibet during the rule of the Qing dynasty and post-Qing period until 1950s. It was created in 1721,〔Dawa Norbu, (China's Tibet Policy )〕 and set by Qianlong Emperor in 1751 for the Ganden Phodrang regime. In that year the Tibetan government was reorganized after the riots in Lhasa of the previous year. The civil administration was represented by Council (Kashag) after the 7th Dalai Lama abolished the post of Desi (or Regent; ''see: dual system of government''), in whom too much power had been placed.〔(Seventh Dalai Lama Kelsang Gyatso )〕〔''The Dalai Lamas of Tibet'', p. 101. Thubten Samphel and Tendar. Roli & Janssen, New Delhi. (2004). ISBN 81-7436-085-9.〕〔Tsepon W. D. Shakabpa, ''Tibet, a Political History'' (New Haven: Yale, 1967), 150.〕
The Council administrated matters of private and national interests. It was constituted of three temporal officials and one monk official. Each of them held the title of ''Kalön'' (; ).
The function of the Council was to express opinions about matters or problems concerning the civil administration of the country and to present these opinions to the office of the first minister. The first minister then presented these opinions to the Dalai Lama and, during the Qing Dynasty the Amban, for a final decision. The privilege of presenting recommendations for appointing executive officials, governors and district commissioners gave the Council a lot of power.
==Ministries==
Headed by the Council was the government administration, divided into ministries: political, military, economic, judicial, foreign, financial and educational departments. Except for the Ministry of Finance (; ), all ministries had two representatives – one temporal and one monastic. The Ministry of Finance had three lay officials. Each of them held the title of ''Tsipön'' (; ). All ministries had a right to make decisions to the extent of their competence. Matters, or problems outside the competence of ministries were (with a particular ministry’s given opinion) presented to the Council. Everything outside the competence of the Council was presented to the Dalai Lama himself.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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