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kaval
The kaval is a chromatic end-blown flute traditionally played throughout the Balkans and Turkey. The kaval is primarily associated with mountain shepherds.
Unlike the transverse flute, the kaval is fully open at both ends, and is played by blowing on the sharpened edge of one end. The kaval has 8 playing holes (7 in front and 1 in the back for the thumb) and usually four more unfingered intonation holes near the bottom of the kaval. As a wooden rim-blown flute, kaval is similar to the ''kawala'' of the Arab world and ''ney'' of the Middle East.
==Construction==
While typically made of wood (cornel cherry, apricot, plum, boxwood, mountain ash, etc.), kavals are also made from water buffalo horn, ''Arundo donax'' Linnaeus 1753 (Persian reed), metal and plastic.
A kaval made without joints is usually mounted on a wooden holder, which protects it from warping and helps keep the interior walls oiled. According to the key, the kaval can be in the high register (C, C#), middle (D, H) or low (A, B). The kaval plays two octaves and a fifth, in the chromatic scale. Its sound is warm, melancholic and pleasant.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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